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The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were...
Locke and Newton.
An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called...
public opinion.
Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, __________ praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society.
"Letters on the English"
____________, an eighteenth-century philosopher, was known as the "Jewish Socrates."
Moses Mendelssohn
Who wrote "The Persian Letters?"
Charles de Montesquieu
___________published "On Crimes and Punishment," in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.
Marquis Cesare Beccaria
The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in....
France.
_____________ contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Herder is famous for his early views concerning....
cultural relativism.
____________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.
Charles de Montequieu
What style of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?
Rococo
What style of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?
Neoclassicism
___________, who embodies enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy.
Frederick the Great
As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of ________ in 1783.
Crimea
How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?
He lived in exile in England
The issue most relevant to physiocrats was...
property rights.
The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings with scenes of leisure, romance, and seduction led to a feeling of hostility toward the....
political and social elites of the Old Regime.
Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime, not to impose the will of God?
Marquis Cesare Beccaria
What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?
they were both Jewish
From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?
from the Ottoman Empire
Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert are best known for their great work:..........
the "Encyclopedia."
What philosopher argued against the abuses of imperialism?
Immanuel Kant
Baruch Spinoza inspired what piece of work?
"Nathan the Wise"
What philosopher is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?
Charles de Montesquieu
Smith's theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called...
the four-stage theory.
When Immanuel Kant called his age "an age of Enlightenment," he stressed the Enlightenment as...
a work in progress.
The philosopher who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was...
Voltaire in his work "Elements of the Philosophy of Newton."
Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophers?
commercial and professional urban classes
The two major points in the deists' creed were...
the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one's earthly actions and the existence of a rational God.
Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with...
independent branches of government.
What was the purpose of Voltaire's interest in the execution of Jean Calas?
Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform
The "Encyclopedia,"......
secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe.
Adam Smith advocated...
ending England's mercantile system.
His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith...
was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policies.
According to Smith's four-stage theory, human societies...
move from barbarism to civilization.
What connection between work and author is accurate?
"Persian Letters"; Montesquieu
Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment...
favored the extension of European empires across the world.
The philosophers generally...
were not avid feminists.
Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional, and their subject matter usually concerned...
public life or public morals.
Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made "enlightened" reforms part of their drive to...
increase revenues and gain political support.
The monarchs that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was...
Frederick the Great.
Joseph II of Austria...
sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry.
Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century, __________ was the most diverse in its people and problems.
Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia....
built a strong alliance with the nobility.
The ideas of Mary Wortley Montagu differed from most contemporary European writers and thinkers because she...
had first-hand knowledge of the Muslim world.
Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in...
its rational approach.
With what opinion would the editors of the "Encyclopedia" most likely agree?
Motherhood is a women's most important occupation
What statement best summarizes Rousseau's writings about the role of women in society?
Rousseau's traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender roles
What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?
it subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state in Prussia under Frederick the Great
How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe?
increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform
After 1688, who remained oppressed in Britain?
Unitarians and Roman Catholics
Philosophers were most direct in their attacks on Christian...
institutions.
Smith's four-stage theory placed European culture...
at the summit of human achievement.
Frederick the Great's religious toleration can be seen as...
based on practical politics.
Catherine the Great's reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?
the need to placate the nobility
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