ap psych unit eight - clinical/abnormal psychology
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study set over unit eight of ap psychology, clinical and abnormal psychology.
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83 Terms
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humanistic therapy
a therapy that aims to boost self-fulfillment by helping patients grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance (removing obstacles such as mental blocks and repressions that bar personal growth and potential).
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: client-centered therapy and active listening.
- aims to help client figure it out themselves.
ex) a humanistic therapist might say during therapy, "I hear you saying you are annoyed that you have to do this assignment before you can eat your cupcake? That sounds frustrating for you."
- reiterating what the client said to help them figure it out on their own.
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: client-centered therapy and active listening.
- aims to help client figure it out themselves.
ex) a humanistic therapist might say during therapy, "I hear you saying you are annoyed that you have to do this assignment before you can eat your cupcake? That sounds frustrating for you."
- reiterating what the client said to help them figure it out on their own.
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psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
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to be classified as "abnormal" ...
1) deviant: goes against the norm of behavior.
2) distressful: cause the person distress, disturbs them.
3) dysfunctional: most cause dysfunction in a person life, ex) when it keeps them from living; phobias.
4) dangerous: cause harm to themselves or to others, ex) munchausen's syndrome or munchausen's syndrome by proxy.
2) distressful: cause the person distress, disturbs them.
3) dysfunctional: most cause dysfunction in a person life, ex) when it keeps them from living; phobias.
4) dangerous: cause harm to themselves or to others, ex) munchausen's syndrome or munchausen's syndrome by proxy.
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medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
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epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
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DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
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ADHD
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- presents differently in boys and girls, for GIRLS it's generally extreme talkativeness, and for BOYS, it's generally hyperactivity (acting up, class clown).
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT for ADHD with drugs: concerta, vyvanse, etc.
- presents differently in boys and girls, for GIRLS it's generally extreme talkativeness, and for BOYS, it's generally hyperactivity (acting up, class clown).
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT for ADHD with drugs: concerta, vyvanse, etc.
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anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
maladaptive \= bad habit
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) - prolonged and unexplained but intense fears (anxiety) and they don't know where it's coming from (what is making them anxious). SYMPTOMS INCLUDE: restlessness, muscle tensions, breathlessness, etc.
panic disorder (PD) - indicator similar to GAD, more common among women and young people.
phobia - marked by a persistent, irrational fear. person knows it's irrational (insight) but they are still scared.
ex) agoraphobia (people and open spaces), claustrophobia (small spaces), social phobia (fear of embarrassment), etc.
maladaptive \= bad habit
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) - prolonged and unexplained but intense fears (anxiety) and they don't know where it's coming from (what is making them anxious). SYMPTOMS INCLUDE: restlessness, muscle tensions, breathlessness, etc.
panic disorder (PD) - indicator similar to GAD, more common among women and young people.
phobia - marked by a persistent, irrational fear. person knows it's irrational (insight) but they are still scared.
ex) agoraphobia (people and open spaces), claustrophobia (small spaces), social phobia (fear of embarrassment), etc.
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social anxiety disorders
an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations.
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panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
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agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
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phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation; fear of...
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obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
often with insight, the person knows that the rituals are senseless but they relieve anxiety.
RELATED DISORDERS: trichotillomania is a hair-pulling disorder, and excoriation disorder is skin picking.
often with insight, the person knows that the rituals are senseless but they relieve anxiety.
RELATED DISORDERS: trichotillomania is a hair-pulling disorder, and excoriation disorder is skin picking.
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body dysmorphic disorder
a disorder related to obsessive compulsive disorder, it's characterized by the unrealistic perception of physical flaws.
- preoccupied with exaggerated defect in appearance, ex) someone who might not like their nose might see it as abnormally big.
- preoccupied with exaggerated defect in appearance, ex) someone who might not like their nose might see it as abnormally big.
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post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for FOUR WEEKS or more after a traumatic experience.
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acute stress disorder
similar to PTSD, but unlike it, this related disorder, \_____________, starts immediately after trauma.
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major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
- must last for two weeks WITHOUT cause to be diagnosed, and two months for those who are grieving.
biological explanation: lack of serotonin neurotransmitter.
- must last for two weeks WITHOUT cause to be diagnosed, and two months for those who are grieving.
biological explanation: lack of serotonin neurotransmitter.
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persistent depressive disorder
formerly known as DYSTHYMIA, although less disabling, dysthymic disorder (PDD) is marked by CHRONIC low energy and poor self-esteem.
- mild, but long term form of depression.
- mild, but long term form of depression.
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psychotic disorder
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.
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hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
ex) seeing ghosts in your house.
ex) seeing ghosts in your house.
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delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
ex) believing that the government has "always had it in for you".
ex) believing that the government has "always had it in for you".
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chronic schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer, and recovery periods shorten.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine, clozpine, seroquel, etc.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine, clozpine, seroquel, etc.
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acute schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia that can begin at ANY age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine, clozpine, seroquel, etc.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine, clozpine, seroquel, etc.
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bipolar disorder
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression (tired, gloomy, withdrawn) and the overexcited state of mania (elation, euphoria, "overdrive of productivity".)
bipolar I - experience manic episodes and usually major depressive episodes.
bipolar II - experience mania to a lesser degree (called hypomania). they don't see the generally four days of [hypo]mania as a problem, while those around them note the behavioral difference (can cause concern).
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: antimanic drugs, such as lithium*, or depakote.
bipolar I - experience manic episodes and usually major depressive episodes.
bipolar II - experience mania to a lesser degree (called hypomania). they don't see the generally four days of [hypo]mania as a problem, while those around them note the behavioral difference (can cause concern).
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: antimanic drugs, such as lithium*, or depakote.
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cyclothymic disorder
a disorder marked by having hypomania and depressive symptoms for at least TWO YEARS yet symptoms don't constitute a full "major depressive episode" or "mania".
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mania
a part of bipolar disorder, a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
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rummination
compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.
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somatic symptom disorder
an involuntary psychological disorder in which some sort of stress or trauma manifests itself in a somatic (physical) symptoms, yet have no physical cause or evidence that links them to psychological factors.
- has a significant focus on physical symptoms that results in major distress and/or problems functioning (disrupts daily life, can't live).
ex) if someone has a migraine and believes it to be an aneurysm, they will be overwhelmingly focused on the headache and cannot function.
- has a significant focus on physical symptoms that results in major distress and/or problems functioning (disrupts daily life, can't live).
ex) if someone has a migraine and believes it to be an aneurysm, they will be overwhelmingly focused on the headache and cannot function.
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conversion disorder
an involuntary disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical (motor or sensory function) symptoms that suggest a MEDICAL CONDITION, but no basis can be found (aka NO MEDICAL CONDITION like their symptoms EXISTS).
- onset is generally after a stressful or traumatic event.
- converting stress or other neurological symptoms into physical symptoms.
- the most significant indicator of conversion disorder is "la belle indifference" or beautiful indifference.
ex) many of the conditions are ANATOMICALLY IMPOSSIBLE. like "glove anesthesia" which is the inability to feel the hand, yet they feel sensation in the arm.
CAUSES: episodes are nearly always triggered by a stressful event.
- onset is generally after a stressful or traumatic event.
- converting stress or other neurological symptoms into physical symptoms.
- the most significant indicator of conversion disorder is "la belle indifference" or beautiful indifference.
ex) many of the conditions are ANATOMICALLY IMPOSSIBLE. like "glove anesthesia" which is the inability to feel the hand, yet they feel sensation in the arm.
CAUSES: episodes are nearly always triggered by a stressful event.
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la belle indifference
a french term descriptive of extreme anxieties in other areas of life, but a lack of concern for their (imagined, incapacitating) medical problem.
- shown by people with conversion disorder.
- shown by people with conversion disorder.
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illness anxiety disorder
formerly known as hypochondriac.
an involuntary disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person is occupied (cannot stop thinking about) the idea of having a serious medical condition.
ex) someone with illness anxiety disorder might interpret a normal physical sensation (such as a headache) as symptoms of a disease or medical condition (such as an aneurysm).
- extreme preoccupation with symptoms (worried about having an aneurysm)
- even after getting a diagnosis, they're going to keep going to multiple doctors.
CAUSES: although causes are unclear, it's thought that personality, life experiences, upbringing, and inherited traits might play a role.
an involuntary disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person is occupied (cannot stop thinking about) the idea of having a serious medical condition.
ex) someone with illness anxiety disorder might interpret a normal physical sensation (such as a headache) as symptoms of a disease or medical condition (such as an aneurysm).
- extreme preoccupation with symptoms (worried about having an aneurysm)
- even after getting a diagnosis, they're going to keep going to multiple doctors.
CAUSES: although causes are unclear, it's thought that personality, life experiences, upbringing, and inherited traits might play a role.
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dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
"dissociative \= like daydreaming"
characterized by the separation of critical parts of the personality (like memory) that are normally integrated and work together.
ex) when driving a familiar route you may not remember the last three miles.
"dissociative \= like daydreaming"
characterized by the separation of critical parts of the personality (like memory) that are normally integrated and work together.
ex) when driving a familiar route you may not remember the last three miles.
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how dissociative disorders develop:
psychoanalytic: a massive repression of unwanted impulses or memories creates a "new person" who acts out these otherwise unacceptable impulses.
- reminds me of like the "Id" taking over the "superego" to do whatever they want.
behaviorist: believes that everyone is capable of acting in different ways in different situations, you "feel" like a different person.
- reminds me of like the "Id" taking over the "superego" to do whatever they want.
behaviorist: believes that everyone is capable of acting in different ways in different situations, you "feel" like a different person.
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personality disorders
described as a psychological disorder characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
ANTISOCIAL - can't socialize.
NARCISSISTIC - only cares about self, exaggerated self-importance, often simultaneously diagnosed with a "god-complex."
PARANOID - can never trust.
ex) "my teacher has always had it out for me, I know it."
SCHIZOID - can't get close
ex) has no close relationships, and cannot hold a job.
ANTISOCIAL - can't socialize.
NARCISSISTIC - only cares about self, exaggerated self-importance, often simultaneously diagnosed with a "god-complex."
PARANOID - can never trust.
ex) "my teacher has always had it out for me, I know it."
SCHIZOID - can't get close
ex) has no close relationships, and cannot hold a job.
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psychotherapy
a treatment involving an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient (someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth).
- more emotional than physical.
- more emotional than physical.
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biomedical therapy
a therapy that uses prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system to cure them of psychological disorders.
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eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses various techniques of healing from different forms of therapy.
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resistance
used in psychoanalysis therapy, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
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free association
used in psychoanalysis therapy, the mental patient says whatever comes to mind, no hesitations, and the therapist searches for resistance (the blocking of anxiety-laden material from the consciousness).
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interpretation
used in psychoanalysis therapy, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
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transference
found in psychoanalysis therapy, after opening up (post-resistance) SOMETIMES the patient's emotions (such as love or hatred for a parent) can transfer onto the therapist.
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insight therapy
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
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client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth (also called person-centered therapy) and help them gain insight on their own.
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active listenting
a humanistic therapy method. in which the listener (therapist) echoes, restates, and clarifies what the mental patient is saying in order to help them gain insight on their own.
ex) when you're frustrated and talking to a humanistic counselor at school, they might say, "I hear you saying that you're annoyed, that must be frustrating for you."
- REITERATING what client says to promote insight.
ex) when you're frustrated and talking to a humanistic counselor at school, they might say, "I hear you saying that you're annoyed, that must be frustrating for you."
- REITERATING what client says to promote insight.
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behavioral therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
- is often used to treat phobias or sexual disorders; does not delve deeply into the problem; changes maladaptive behaviors.
ex) an example of a \____________ therapy is AVERSION THERAPY, where you associate an unpleasant feeling with unwanted behavior.
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, aversive conditioning, and token economy.
- is often used to treat phobias or sexual disorders; does not delve deeply into the problem; changes maladaptive behaviors.
ex) an example of a \____________ therapy is AVERSION THERAPY, where you associate an unpleasant feeling with unwanted behavior.
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, aversive conditioning, and token economy.
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counter conditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors.
- uses both exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
ex) if you cry and go into fetal position at the sight of a snake, you're taught a new reaction to the snake.
- uses both exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
ex) if you cry and go into fetal position at the sight of a snake, you're taught a new reaction to the snake.
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exposure therapy
a behavioral therapy technique that treats phobias and other anxieties by repeatedly exposing people (in both imagination and reality) to the object of their fear, or the thing they avoid.
ex) after being repeatedly exposed to spiders, one realizes that they're "not going to die," curing the phobia.
ex) after being repeatedly exposed to spiders, one realizes that they're "not going to die," curing the phobia.
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systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy technique (behavioral therapy) that associates a pleasant relaxed state (deep breathing and happy thoughts) with gradually increasing exposure to anxiety-triggering stimuli.
- commonly used to treat phobias.
ex) you take BABY STEPS, if you're afraid of snakes, you look at pictures of snakes and take deep breaths. then, a snake in the same room, and do the same thing. and finally, here hold this snake.
"baby steps working up to "it's not that bad.'"
- commonly used to treat phobias.
ex) you take BABY STEPS, if you're afraid of snakes, you look at pictures of snakes and take deep breaths. then, a snake in the same room, and do the same thing. and finally, here hold this snake.
"baby steps working up to "it's not that bad.'"
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virtual reality therapy
a counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is exposed in graduated steps to computer simulations of a feared object or situation.
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aversive therapy
a behavioral therapy technique that uses a type of COUNTER CONDITIONING to associate an unpleasant state (such as nausea, or a shock) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
ex) you're a nail biter, you wear nasty nail polish so that when you bite your nails you won't want to do it anymore.
ex) you're a nail biter, you wear nasty nail polish so that when you bite your nails you won't want to do it anymore.
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token economy
a behavior therapy technique that uses OPERANT CONDITIONING in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
ex) just like winning tokens at dave and busters, but generally for more adult things and privileges inside the mental institution.
ex) just like winning tokens at dave and busters, but generally for more adult things and privileges inside the mental institution.
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classical conditioning
two stimuli ; a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli together.
ex) pavlov's experiment, the first stimulus (the tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food).
ex) pavlov's experiment, the first stimulus (the tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food).
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operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive (rational) ways of thinking and acting.
- it's based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
aaron beck (1979) suggests that people suffering from depression believe that they CAN NEVER BE HAPPY (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (such as losing a job or failing a test) as major causes for their depression.
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: rational-emotive therapy, cognitive-behavioral, and REBT.
ex) if one believes "you can never be happy" their thinking needs to change in order for them to recover from the depression.
- change is brought forth in patients by gentle questioning.
- it's based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
aaron beck (1979) suggests that people suffering from depression believe that they CAN NEVER BE HAPPY (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (such as losing a job or failing a test) as major causes for their depression.
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: rational-emotive therapy, cognitive-behavioral, and REBT.
ex) if one believes "you can never be happy" their thinking needs to change in order for them to recover from the depression.
- change is brought forth in patients by gentle questioning.
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psychoanalysis therapy
freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: free association, resistance, and transference (all used in psychoanalytic therapy).
these techniques are used in treatment in order to expose and interpret unconscious, repressed (often childhood) memories.
TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE: free association, resistance, and transference (all used in psychoanalytic therapy).
these techniques are used in treatment in order to expose and interpret unconscious, repressed (often childhood) memories.
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psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.
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rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational form of COGNITIVE THERAPY, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.
- very confrontational
- very controversial
ex) the therapist will basically get in the patient's face and say things like "that's a dumb thought, let's fix it.... here's what you should be thinking," etc.
- very confrontational
- very controversial
ex) the therapist will basically get in the patient's face and say things like "that's a dumb thought, let's fix it.... here's what you should be thinking," etc.
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cognitive behavioral therapy
a cognitive therapy technique that ties together two ways of thinking: cognitive and behavior therapy. it combines therapy for the reversal of self-defeating thinking with efforts to modify behavior.
- aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).
- aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).
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unconditional positive regard
according to rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.
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meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
ex) a \__________ on "does therapy work?" shown that overall people who received treatment were better off than 80% of people who did not.
ex) a \__________ on "does therapy work?" shown that overall people who received treatment were better off than 80% of people who did not.
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evidence based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
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therapeutic alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.
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psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
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antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT of antipsychotic drugs: chlorpromazine, clozpine, seroquel, risperdal, zyprexa, etc.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT of antipsychotic drugs: chlorpromazine, clozpine, seroquel, risperdal, zyprexa, etc.
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antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (genrally in bipolar disorder, GAD, and other anxiety disorders).
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT for antianxiety drugs: librium, valium*, ativan*, and xanax*.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT for antianxiety drugs: librium, valium*, ativan*, and xanax*.
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antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression.
- also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT for antidepressant drugs:
SSRIs - prozac, zolofot, celexa, and lexapro (they ONLY block serotonin reuptake) since it's been blocked, they can no longer have an undersupply of serotonin.
SNRIs - effexor and cymbalta (they block BOTH serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake).
- also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT for antidepressant drugs:
SSRIs - prozac, zolofot, celexa, and lexapro (they ONLY block serotonin reuptake) since it's been blocked, they can no longer have an undersupply of serotonin.
SNRIs - effexor and cymbalta (they block BOTH serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake).
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
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psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: lobotomy.
BIOMEDICAL (biological) TREATMENT: lobotomy.
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lobotomy
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to CALM uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.
TREATMENT METHOD: the procedure would cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
- it resulted in permanent legarthy, immaturity, and impulsive personality.
TREATMENT METHOD: the procedure would cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
- it resulted in permanent legarthy, immaturity, and impulsive personality.
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resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
- prevention strategies that promote this as well as competence are: DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION (getting people out of asylums) and CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY (helping clients gain insight on their own).
- prevention strategies that promote this as well as competence are: DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION (getting people out of asylums) and CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY (helping clients gain insight on their own).
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posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
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cluster a personality disorders
exhibits odd or eccentric behavior
paranoid - characterized by paranoid and long-standing suspiciousness.
ex) "my spouse is unfaithful, my friends are unloyal."
schizoid - a pattern of indifference to social relationships with a limited range of emotional expression and experience. (detachment from social relationships)
schizotypal - a pattern of social and intrapersonal difficulties and acute discomfort.
paranoid - characterized by paranoid and long-standing suspiciousness.
ex) "my spouse is unfaithful, my friends are unloyal."
schizoid - a pattern of indifference to social relationships with a limited range of emotional expression and experience. (detachment from social relationships)
schizotypal - a pattern of social and intrapersonal difficulties and acute discomfort.
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cluster b personality disorders
exhibits dramatic or emotional traits
antisocial personality disorder - characterized by a lack of conforming to laws as evidenced by repeatedly performing crimes.
- a complete disregard for RIGHT and WRONG.
- they tend to be very charming, witty, and manipulative.*
it cannot be diagnosed until patient is eighteen, and has to have been diagnosed with Conduct Disorder (CD) in adolescence.
- the meaning of antisocial being "having a negative impact on society, and the lives of others." people with APD "shouldn't be social."
borderline - characterized by an ongoing pattern of varying moods, self-image, and behavior; lack of stability in interpersonal relationships.
- angry outbursts, recurring suicidal gestures and threats, intense fear of abandonment.
histrionic - characterized by a pattern of attention-seeking emotions, overly dramatic and theatrical. very seductive behavior.
narcissistic - characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, preoccupied with fantasies of success or power, a constant need for attention or admiration.
ex) the fairy from fairytopia w/ the mirror.
antisocial personality disorder - characterized by a lack of conforming to laws as evidenced by repeatedly performing crimes.
- a complete disregard for RIGHT and WRONG.
- they tend to be very charming, witty, and manipulative.*
it cannot be diagnosed until patient is eighteen, and has to have been diagnosed with Conduct Disorder (CD) in adolescence.
- the meaning of antisocial being "having a negative impact on society, and the lives of others." people with APD "shouldn't be social."
borderline - characterized by an ongoing pattern of varying moods, self-image, and behavior; lack of stability in interpersonal relationships.
- angry outbursts, recurring suicidal gestures and threats, intense fear of abandonment.
histrionic - characterized by a pattern of attention-seeking emotions, overly dramatic and theatrical. very seductive behavior.
narcissistic - characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, preoccupied with fantasies of success or power, a constant need for attention or admiration.
ex) the fairy from fairytopia w/ the mirror.
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cluster c personality disorders
exhibits anxious or fearful behavior
avoidant - characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticisms and rejection. due to this, they can't maintain interpersonal relationships.
dependent - characterized by an inability to be alone, they get anxious when people leave and constantly need validation and reassurance.
obsessive - compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) - characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control.
ex) it does not actually have any true obsessions or compulsions like someone suffering from OCD would, they simply want to accumulate money and worthless objects.
avoidant - characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticisms and rejection. due to this, they can't maintain interpersonal relationships.
dependent - characterized by an inability to be alone, they get anxious when people leave and constantly need validation and reassurance.
obsessive - compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) - characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control.
ex) it does not actually have any true obsessions or compulsions like someone suffering from OCD would, they simply want to accumulate money and worthless objects.
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antisocial personality disorder
an example of \___________:
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.
- may be aggressive, ruthless, or a clever con artist.
(more info in cluster b personality disorders)
ex) exploitive liar and cynical towards others.
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.
- may be aggressive, ruthless, or a clever con artist.
(more info in cluster b personality disorders)
ex) exploitive liar and cynical towards others.
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autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a disorder that typically shows an unusual pattern of social and cognitive development beginning in childhood, marked with difficulties in social interaction and communication.
CHARACTERISTICS:
- impairment in social relationships
- impaired speech (1/2 of autistic children do not develop speech).
- very narrow range of interests and activities.
- sameness and routine very important*
CHARACTERISTICS:
- impairment in social relationships
- impaired speech (1/2 of autistic children do not develop speech).
- very narrow range of interests and activities.
- sameness and routine very important*
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aaron beck
he pioneered cognitive therapy; he suggested that people suffering from depression believe that they CAN NEVER BE HAPPY (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (such as losing a job or failing a test) as major causes for their depression.
worked with albert ellis, who pioneered in RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY (RET), which focused on altering a client's patterns of irrational thinking in order to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions.
ex) if one believes "you can never be happy" their thinking needs to change in order for them to recover from the depression.
- change is brought forth in patients by gentle questioning.
worked with albert ellis, who pioneered in RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY (RET), which focused on altering a client's patterns of irrational thinking in order to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions.
ex) if one believes "you can never be happy" their thinking needs to change in order for them to recover from the depression.
- change is brought forth in patients by gentle questioning.
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mary cover jones
she was coined the "mother of behavior therapy" in the seventies. she used classical conditioning in an experiment to help her subject "peter" overcome his fear of rabbits.
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carl rogers
he founded client-centered therapy, and works in the humanistic field.
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joseph wolpe
he discovered and described the use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias.
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rosenhan study (1973)
researchers faked mild hallucinations to gain admittance into mental hospitals and acted normal once admitted; other patients recognized researchers were normal but doctors believed that they were still suffering and kept them in the hospital.
- illustrates the negative effects of diagnostic labels
- illustrates the negative effects of diagnostic labels
Note 
Flashcards (31)