AP Psych Unit 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of psychology, created first lab for psych research, was a structuralist

Edward Titchener

Structuralist, student of Wundt

William James

Wrote first psychology textbook, functionalist

G. Stanley Hall

Wundt’s students, first American with PhD in psych, first lab in America, first president of APA

Mary Whiton Calkins

Denied a psychology degree, first women president of APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman with psychology degree, second women president of APA

Charles Darwin

Theory of natural selection, evolutionary psychology

Dorothea Dix

Advocated for the unfair and inhumane treatment of mentally ill people, created first insane asylums/mental hospitals

Sigmund Freud

Created psychoanalytic theory in psychodynamic approach, unconscious motives

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov’s dog, classical conditioning

Jean Piaget

First psychologist to conduct cognitive study, cognitive psychology, stage theory of child cognitive development

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychology, understanding people’s personalities

B.F. Skinner

Theoretical approach of Behaviorism, known for operant conditioning

John B. Watson

Founder of Behaviorism, as described in his Psychology review

Structuralism

Observes mind’s structures through individual parts, utilizing introspection

Functionalism

Seeks to understand mental and behavioral processes, understanding the function

Gestalt

Studies whole consciousness including perception, sensation, learning, and problem solving

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Behaviors and mental processes are influenced by ego managing id and superego, processes related to unconscious (free association)

Early Behaviorism

Behaviors are learned through experiences, observable, broken into classical and operant conditioning

Humanistic

Humans are naturally good and want to reach potential through free will, goal is self-actualization

Sociocultural

Studies impact of person’s culture, nationality, gender, religion, social norms, and other

Evolutionary Approach

Studies how behaviors and mental processes of today exist due to natural selection

Biological Approach

Studies different structures of brain and nervous system, understand biological to psychological links

Cognitive Approach

Attitudes, memories, perceptions, thoughts, and expectations influence behaviors and mental processes

Biopsychosocial Approach

Studies a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and impacts on a person’s health

Personality

Study individuals feelings, actions, and characteristics

Clinical

Help treat people with psychological disorders

Counseling

Seeks to help people overcome and cope with different life challenges

Industrial-organizational

Focuses understanding how to optimize human behavior in workspace

Educational

Understanding how people learn in different settings with different instructional methods

Reliability

Repeatability of test or study

Validity

How well the test measure what it is supposed to measure

Single-blind study

Participants do not know whether they are in the control or experimental group

Double-blind study

Researcher and subjects both do not know who is in which group

Quasi Experiment

Experiments based on non-random assignment/selection

Developmental

Physical, cognitive, and social changes impact

Hindsight Bias

Tendency to think that one anticipated the outcome of an event after it occurred

False Consensus Bias

Individuals overestimate how man others share opinions or ideas

Confirmation Bias

Individuals focus only on specific information that is consistent with their viewpoint and ignores conflicting information

Experimenter Bias

Researcher unknowingly influences outcome of research

Social Desirability Bias

Participants skew answers to create a more favorable impression of them

Hawthorne Effect

Participant alters their behavior because they are being observed

Descriptive Statistics

Used to organize and describe data

Inferential Statistics

Used by researchers to make predictions about data to determine if data from a sample can be applied to population

Random Sample

Each individual has a equal chance of participating

Stratified Sample

Population divided into different categories and a random sample is taken from each

Sampling bias

Group representing the experiment does not represent the population

Operational definition

Description of something in terms of procedures, actions, or processes by which it could be observed and measured