Chapter Quiz 11 EMT Review

EMT Chapter Quiz #11 covering airway management, ventilation, respiration, oxygen delivery equipment, and respiratory pathophysiology.

Ventilation

The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs.

External respiration

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries.

Pulmonary capillaries

The blood vessels in the lungs where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.

Phrenic nerve

The nerve that innervates the diaphragm, allowing it to contract during inhalation.

Tidal volume

The volume of air that moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath.

Alveolar minute volume

The amount of air moved through the alveoli per minute, calculated as $(Tidal\ Volume - Dead\ Space\ Volume) \times Respiratory\ Rate$ (e.g., $(500\,\text{mL} - 150\,\text{mL}) \times 16\,\text{breaths/min} = 5,600\,\text{mL}$).

Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues and cells of the body.

Cyanosis

A late sign of hypoxia characterized by bluish discoloration of the skin.

Hypoxic drive

A backup system to control respiration that is influenced by low blood oxygen levels.

Aerobic metabolism

The cellular process of converting glucose into energy in the presence of oxygen, which produces carbon dioxide as its primary waste product.

Anaerobic metabolism

The process by which cells incompletely convert glucose into energy without adequate oxygen, leading to lactic acid accumulation in the blood.

Central chemoreceptors

Sensory structures in the medulla that stimulate increased rate and depth of breathing in response to slight increases in carbon dioxide or a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid pH.

Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch

A condition in which a disruption in blood flow inhibits gas exchange in the lungs even when the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen.

Jaw-thrust maneuver

An airway management technique used to open the airway of patients with suspected cervical spine injuries.

Oropharyngeal airway measurement

Determined by measuring from the corner of the patient's mouth to the earlobe.

Nasopharyngeal airway complication in head trauma

The most serious risk of penetrating the cranium when inserted in a patient with severe facial or head trauma.

Oropharyngeal suctioning complication

The most significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts.

Oxygen cylinder full pressure

Approximately $2,000\,\text{psi}$ in a full cylinder of oxygen.

Oxygen cylinder refill threshold

An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure falls below $500\,\text{psi}$.

Oxygen toxicity

A condition in which cellular tissue damage occurs due to excessive levels of oxygen in the blood.

Nasal cannula

An oxygen delivery device that can deliver an approximate oxygen concentration up to $44\%$ at a flow rate of $6\,\text{L/min}$, most appropriately used when a patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask.

Rapid and shallow breathing effect

Causes air to move primarily in the anatomic dead space without participating in pulmonary gas exchange.

Chest rise during bag-mask ventilations

The most reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A device that improves oxygenation and ventilation by forcing alveoli open and increasing oxygen concentration in the alveoli; indicated for conscious patients with severe respiratory distress such as pulmonary edema.

Wheezing

An adventitious breath sound that indicates a lower airway obstruction.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A condition that can cause a falsely high pulse oximeter reading (e.g., $98\%$) in a patient presenting with cherry red skin color.