Civil War and Reconstruction

civil war

war within a country

emancipation

the fact or process of being set free from legal, etc. reasons

proclamation

public/official announcement

tariff

tax duty to be paid on particular class of imports or exports

secede/secession

withdraw formally from membership

inevitable

certain to happen; unavoidable

turning point

decisive change occurs

harriet beecher stowe

wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” - horrors of slavery, which pushed northerners towards abolition

dred scott and roger taney

DS v Stanford: confirms slaves have no rights, people of color have no legal rights

underground railroad

harriet tubman, enslaved people, abolitionists: route to free enslaved people. south upset because losing property

slavery

what was the main cause of the civil war?

11 southern states secede from the US

what did the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 lead to?

attack on Fort Sumter

what did the secession of southern states lead to?

Fort Sumter

what was considered the first battle of the Civil War and the confederates won?

The Fort Monroe Contraband

what shifted the focus of the Civil War away from preserving the Union and toward?

Emancipation Proclamation

what developed after enslaved african americans given asylum at fort monroe, freed those enslaved in the rebelling states but not border states, discouraged any interference of foreign governments, allowed african americans to enlist as soldiers and sailors in the US military?

Hampton Roads, Virginia

Where was the Union held Fort Monroe located?

Gettysburg Address

what was delivered by Abe Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania four and a half months after the Union armies defeated the confederacy at the battle of Gettysburg. It is one of the best known speeches that is around 275 words and less than 3 minutes long?

Abraham Lincoln

* 16th president of the US elected in 1860 and again in 1864
* President of the US during Civil War
* Believed secession was illegal so the confederate states never left the union

Moderate Republican

What party was Abe Lincoln apart of?

Jefferson Davis

* Was a former US Senator from the state of Mississippi
* Served as the first, last, and ONLY confederate president

Ulysses S. Grant

* Union military commander who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders has failed
* Was able to execute the “Anaconda Strategy”

Anaconda Strategy

a strategy to surround and starve the South into surrender

Robert E. Lee

* Lincoln offered him command of the Union forces; he declined to fight for the Confederacy
* Commanding General of the Army of Northern VA
* After his death, he became the leading symbol for the “Lost Cause” movement

Army of Northern VA

what was the main fighting force of the Confederacy?

Lost Cause Movement

white southerners celebrated the leaders of the Confederacy as fighters for a just cause rather than the creation of a new nation based on slavery

Fredrick Douglass

* Former enslaved African American
* Became a prominent abolitionist
* Urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved african americans to fight in the Union army
* Was both an abolitionist: someone who fought to end slavery and a suffragist: someone who fought to expand voting rights to POC and women

Robert Smalls

* African American sailor and later a Union Naval captain, was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism
* He was elected to the US House of Representatives after the was

Clara Barton

* Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross

Harriet Tubman

* Abolitionist, was a political activist and conductor on the Underground Railroad
* Also served as a Union spy

Elizabeth Van Lew

* Virginia abolitionist, was a spy for the Union Army

Mary Bowser

* an African American Union spy
* Worked with Elizabeth Van Lew
* Never allowed herself to be photographed (even after Civil War) for fear of the Lynching (KKK)

Mary Bowser and Elizabeth Van Lew

who were the 2 females that worked together?

election of Lincoln

* elected November 6th, 1860
* inaugurated March 4, 1861; followed by the succession of 11 southern states that feared Lincoln would try to abolish slavery

Attack on Fort Sumter

* South Carolina attacked Union forces at Fort Sumter April 12, 1861
* First confrontation of the civil war

Issue of the Emancipation Proclomation

* Issued following the Battle of Antietam, September 22, 1862
* Lincoln desperately needed a win and in the first 2 years if the war those Union victories were few and far between
* effective January 1, 1863: Freed slaves ONLY in the states in rebellion but NOT in the border states
* led to the Union army being able to free enslaved people battle to battle and state to state

Juneteenth

* was first celebrated on June 16, 1865, when enslaved people in the state of Texas finally became free when the US Arm arrived and enforced the Emancipation Proclamation
* this was the first time the Union has an opportunity to enforce the Emancipation Proclamation state-wide

First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

* July 1861
* Manassas, Virginia
* first “official” battle of the Civil War
* Confederate victory

Second Battle of Bull Run

* August 1862
* Manassas, Virginia
* Lee takes down a Union force twice the size of his own
* Confederate victory

Battle of Antietam

* September, 1862
* Sharpsburg, Maryland
* single bloodiest day of the north
* ends Lee’s first invasion of the north
* leads to Emancipation Proclamation
* Union victory

Battle of Vicksburg

* May 18 - July 4, 1863
* Vicksburg, Mississippi
* Grant cuts Confederacy in half
* Confederacy loses control of the Mississippi River
* Union victory

Battle of Gettysburg

* July 1863
* Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
* turning point of the Civil War
* Union victory

Battle of Atlanta

* July 1864
* Atlanta, Georgia
* destroys the commercial and industrial center of the south
* Union victory

Battle of Appomattox

* April 1865
* Appomattox, Virginia
* final “official” battle of the Civil War
* Lee surrenders to Grant
* Unio victory

Rutherford Haze

The election of who in 1876 ends reconstruction…pulls out of the south

Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan

* Believed secession was illegal, so the south never really left the Union
* Said each southern state could reenter the Union once 10% of the state’s registered voters pledged their loyalty to the US government
* Said to reunify the county the federal government should not punish the south
* Lincoln was assassinated, which allowed Radical Republicans to influence Reconstruction in a way that WOULD punish the south

Johnson’s Plan

* Johnson adopted much of Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan but offered pardons to high-ranking military and political Confederate leaders who personally requested them
* Challenged by congressional leaders who were angered by the south’s enactment of Black Codes and the election of high-ranking former southern leaders to congress

Andrew Johnson

who became the 17th POTUS after Lincoln’s assassination?

Radical Republican’s Plan

* secessionist states would not be allowed back into the Union immediately but were put under military occupation instead
* aggressively guaranteed voting and other civil rights to African Americans. They clashes repeatedly with Andrew Johnson over the issue of civil rights for freed slaves, eventually impeaching him but failing to remove him from office

13th amendment

slavery was abolished

14th amendment

equal rights under the law

15th amendment

voting rights to all men

negative political effects of reconstruction

* confederate states regained political power in the south
* that led to the in

Positive economic effects of reconstruction

* the north and midwest = strong and growing industrial economics (laying the foundation for US industrialization for the next 50 years) (US will become a global economic power by the beginning of the twentieth century)
* the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad soon after the war ended intensified the westward movement of settlers into the states between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean

negative economic effects of reconstruction

* the southern states were left embittered and devastated by the war
* farms, railroads, and factories had been destroyed throughout the south
* confederate money was worthless
* many towns and cities such as Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruins , and the source of labor was greatly changed due to the loss of life during the war and the end of slavery
* the south would remain an agriculture-based economy and the poorest section of the nation for many decades afterward

Grant

Who was Lincoln’s final appointment to Commander of the Union Army/ architect of the Anaconda Plan?

Lee

Who was the Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia/ surrendered at Appomattox Court House

Dred Scott

Who was the enslaved man who sued for his freedom but the US Supreme Court said he didn’t have a right to file a lawsuit in court?

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Whose novel, *Uncle Tom’s Cabin* fueled northern abolition and angered southern slave holders?

contraband

What is the name given to “captured enemy property” -much of which was intercepted at Fort Monroe?

Richmond Bread Riots

Which event occurred in Richmond, Virginia in 1863 as a response to starvation?

Anaconda Plan

What was the name of Grant’s strategy to surround and starve the south?

Vicksburg

Which battle earned Grant his promotion to head of the Union Army?

Ten Percent Plan

What was the name of Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan that called for a small amount of Confederate citizens to pledge their loyalty to the Union?

A. Johnson

Whose plan called for full pardons for any former Confederate leaders who asked for them?

Radical Republicans

Whose plan for Reconstruction was the most aggressive in pursuing rights for African Americans AND for punishing the South?

1876

Reconstruction ended following Rutherford B. Hayes election in what year?