Chapter 13: Lifespan Nutrition From Pregnancy to the Toddler Years

Why is good nutrition important during pregnancy?

Good nutrition is essential for healthy pregnancy and fetal development.

What can unmet nutritional needs during pregnancy lead to?

Low birth weight and developmental issues.

How is pregnancy duration measured?

From the last menstrual period until childbirth, approximately 40 weeks.

Why is early nutrition crucial in pregnancy?

It is crucial for cell division, organ development, and reaching pregnancy milestones.

What should both parents do to support fertility?

Both parents should maintain healthy diets.

What is the daily folate intake recommendation for women of childbearing age?

400 mcg before pregnancy and 600 mcg during pregnancy.

Why is folate important during pregnancy?

Folate is essential for DNA production and preventing neural tube defects.

What are some sources of folate?

Leafy greens, legumes, liver, and fortified cereals.

What is the normal weight gain recommendation for underweight women during pregnancy?

28–40 lbs.

How much weight should normal weight women gain during pregnancy?

25–35 lbs.

What is the initial weight gain typically in the first trimester?

2–5 lbs.

What are the caloric increase recommendations during the second and third trimesters?

340 calories/day in the second trimester, 450 calories/day in the third trimester.

What are key daily nutrient recommendations during pregnancy?

Carbohydrates: 175–265 grams, Protein: 71 grams.

What vital micronutrients are important for fetal development?

Vitamin D, Calcium, and Iron.

What should pregnant women avoid to prevent toxicity?

Excess intake of certain supplements.

What should pregnant women focus on in their diet?

Nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats.

What should pregnant women avoid to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?

Alcohol.

What is the caffeine limit for pregnant women?

About 200 mg/day.

What food should pregnant women avoid to mitigate foodborne illnesses?

Raw fish and high-mercury fish.

What precautions should pregnant women take to prevent foodborne illnesses?

Wash produce and avoid unpasteurized dairy and undercooked meats.

What are the benefits of regular moderate exercise during pregnancy?

Helps health and recovery post-pregnancy.

What are common food aversions during pregnancy?

Common aversions include milk and meat.

What is pica in relation to pregnancy?

Consumption of non-nutritive substances.

What common pregnancy complications are mentioned?

Gestational hypertension and diabetes.

How can pregnancy complications be managed?

Through diet management and regular check-ups.

What role does diet play in infancy?

It impacts growth, immunity, intellectual capabilities, and emotional well-being.

Why is breastfeeding education important?

It helps parents make informed decisions, promotes infant health, and provides guidance on proper nutrition & lactation challenges.

What percentage of babies in the U.S. start breastfeeding?

Approximately 83.2%.

What is the role of IBCLCs (International Board Certified Lactation Consultant) in breastfeeding?

They provide support to mothers for breastfeeding techniques and benefits.

What are some hospital practices that support breastfeeding?

Initiating breastfeeding within an hour of birth and allowing rooming-in.

What law supports breastfeeding rights in workplaces?

Legislation like the Affordable Care Act mandates workplace accommodations.

What increases the risk of failure-to-thrive in infants?

Rapid growth deviations from growth charts.

What is the caloric need of infants aged 0-6 months?

472-645 kcal/day.

What macronutrient has the highest content in breast milk?

Carbohydrates make up 40-55% of breast milk.

What are the essential daily Vitamin D needs for toddlers?

600 IU of Vitamin D.

What are some key barriers to breastfeeding?

Painful engorgement, latching issues, public discomfort.

What can cause infants to not effectively process breast milk?

Galactosemia.

What alternatives exist when breastfeeding is not possible?

Formula feeding.

What should introduced solid foods be after 6 months?

Nutrient-dense and introduced while avoiding allergens.

Why should honey and cow's milk be avoided before 12 months?

They can pose choking hazards and risk of botulism.

What is a common challenge for toddlers related to food?

Picky eating and overcoming food aversions.

What should parents provide to encourage self-feeding in toddlers?

Small utensils and cups, plates with edges.

What contributes to higher obesity rates in toddlers?

Busy lifestyles leading to fast food reliance.

What condition increases with higher sugar consumption in toddlers?

Tooth decay, obesity, and early metabolic disorders, & Early Childhood Caries.

How can iron-deficiency anemia be treated in toddlers?

Including iron-rich foods and potentially iron supplements.

What influences a toddler's transition to solid foods?

Developmental milestones including running and self-feeding.

What is an important dietary guideline for toddlers?

Use MyPlate for dietary guidance.

What percentage of daily calories should come from carbohydrates for toddlers?

45-65%.

What is the importance of adequate hydration for infants?

Fluid needs are 1.5 mL/kcal; met through breast milk or formula.

What roles do parents play in addressing picky eating?

Control what, when, and where children eat; children decide how much.