AFAM Unit 2

AP EXAM

Chattel Slavery

A chattel slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved. Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

indigenous people

descendants of the people who first lived in a region. natives of an area who have been conquered or dominated by others who came later

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The brutal system of trading African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. It changed the economy, politics, and environment. It affected Africa, Europe, and America. It implies that enslaved people were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.

trafficking

illegal movement of goods - drugs, weapons, humans. Forced movement, labor, sexual exploitation, etc.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Ladinos/Atlantic creoles

Ladinos were the First Africans in territory that became the United States. They are from a generation know as Atlantic creoles(work as intermediaries before the predominance of chattel slavery

Play the role of conquistadors (colonizing soldiers) enslaved laborers (mining, agriculture)free skilled workers and artisans

Conquistadores (conquerors)

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.

Juan Garrido

"First African-American" who was part of a small group of African freeman who came to the Americas to take part in the Spanish conquest

Estevanico (Esteban)

A former enslaved man who was with Cabeza de Vaca on the Texas coast. After me made it back to Mexico city, her was forced to go with Fray Marcos to look for Cibola. He was killed by natives after scouting a pueblo.

African Americans

people of African descent living in the USA

Slave Ships/Middle Passage

Gather captives to enslave, send them on a tightly packed boat, go to the Americas

Enslaved Narratives

primary sources from people who experienced enslavement, often poems, diary entries, biographies, pamphlets, etc.

African Diaspora

Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.

resistance to enslavement

rebellions, running away, work slow-downs and destruction of property

La Amistad (1839)

Schooner seized by Africans were a mutiny took place abroad where captives took over the ship to escape enslavement

La Amistad Case

United States vs. La Amistad, a supreme court case in which the mutiny abroad the La Amistad by captured Africans decided they deserved their freedom.

Segbe Pieh

one of the defendants of the La Amistad mutiny case

Slave Auctions

massive sales of enslaved people, often separated families from each other, and were some of the first experiences of enslaved people arriving in the Americas.

white supremacy

the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

Benign institution

An institution with generally beneficial effects. Was often used to describe the American Slave Trade as it "benefitted" those that were enslaved by providing food, shelter, and Christianity.

domestic slave trade

the trade of enslaved people among states of the United States

cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

King Cotton

"Driving force" of Southern economy; coined by James Hammond; "upper" South--> "lower"/"deep" South b/c of westward expansion

Cotton Gin, 1793

a machine invented by Eli Whitney; revolutionized cotton production by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

The forced removal of about 15,000 Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole Indians west; a quarter of them died along the way. they did not have time to prepare for the journey. Partially done to secure more agricultural land for cotton production

Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves of 1807

United States federal law that stated that no new slaves were permitted to be imported into the United States. It took effect in 1808, the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution. This did not end ships arriving, and it increased the forced reproduction of enslaved women to provide new laborers

Second Middle Passage

about 1 million enslaved migrated involuntarily to the lower south between 1820-1860, which is similar to the Great Migration of slaves on the Middle Passage to the colonies years before, "sold down the river", describing the migration of hundreds of thousands of slaves from the upper south to lower south (to make cotton). usually sold to planters who were already there.

skilled labor

labor that requires specialized skills and training

Gullah people

group of African descended people with a unique syncretic culture of African traditions and new practices, unique language and food, present day Georgia and South Carolina

Gang System of Labor

The organization and supervision of enslaved field hands into working teams on southern plantations.

Task system of labor

Preferred method of labor organization on rice plantations in South Carolina and Georgia, in which African Enslaved received specific tasks to complete during the day and experienced little oversight after their work was completed

Wealth Disparity

the growing divide between the wealthiest few hundred individuals worldwide, and everyone else

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

social mobility

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society

Stono Rebellion (1739)

A enslaved uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the Slave Code in 1740 and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on new imported enslaved persons

Dred Scott

A black enslaved man, had lived with his enslaver for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black & enslaved and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Dred Scott v. Sandford Case [1857]

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that enslaved persons were not U.S. citizens and therefore could not sue for their freedom and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the western territories.

Justice Roger B. Taney

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who ruled on the Dred Scott decision.

US Constitution Article 4

roles, rights and privileges of the States and their citizens. Includes the 1st "Fugitive Slave Clause"

Code Noir (1685)

a set of laws governing the conduct of the slaves during the French colonial period in US French Colonies [Louisiana]

codigo negro

Slave codes in Spanish US colonies

1740 Slave Code South Carolina

created as a response to the Stono Rebellion, a restrictive set of Slave Codes created in South Carolina to limit the rights and citizenship of African descended people, especially enslaved people. Became the basis for may US based Slave Codes.

Elizabeth Key Case

1657. Woman who sued for her freedom and that of her child based on the Free status of her father, who impregnanted her enslaved mother. She won the case, but shortly after the slave codes includes partus sequeter ventrem

The Liberator (1831)

anti-slavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison

Partus Sequitur Ventrem (1662)

("that which is brought forth follows the womb"). A legal doctrine which the English royal colonies incorporated in legislation to define slavery.

Racial taxonomies

race-based classification systems that, in naming different races, actually serve to create them

Hereditary Enslavement

the idea that status of enslavement could be hereditary and passed down from mother to child, follows partus doctrine

Phenotype

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Phenotype of African Americans [harsh eyes, large noses, large genital, etc.] was used as a part of racial classification

Hypodescent "one drop rule"

identified anyone with any amount of black ancestry as black in the eyes of the law and white society

religious syncretism

The attempt to reconcile or blend the beliefs and practices of various religions into one.

negro spirituals and slave songs

Rev War. Remained after church services at praise houses. Conveyed biblical messages. "Promise land". Also in West. Lasted in 1800s.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa. Part of Emmigrationist practices

aslyum

shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

Emancipation

the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation. Ending of enslavement

St. Augustine, Florida

1598

*French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida

*The granted emancipation for any runaway enslaved persons who could make it to the colony

*The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States

Fort Mose

first settlement in North America for free Africans. Considered to be a maroon community. In Spanish Florida.

Francisco Menendez and Mose

an escaped South Carolina slave who fought with the Yamasee Indians against the colony, fled to Florida, was reenslaved by the Spanish, became a milita captain, was freed again, and was put in charge of the free-black town of Mose near St. Augustine in the late 1730s, the first community of its kind in what is now the United States

Jemmy

Leader of Stono Rebellion

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Slave revolt began in 1791. The only successful black slave rebellion against the slave holders and the French empire.

a. slaves burned down the sugar cane plantations

b. Landowners were slaughtered

Effects:

a.Haiti becomes an independent black republic and abolishes slavery.

b. Inspires further slave revolts.

c. Haiti is forced to pay reparations for the plantations and slaves to France. Debt totals 20 billion US dollars

d. Inspires Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Purchase to Thomas Jefferson

e. Haiti is the victim of a trade embargo which shatters it's economy by the US and major world powers

St. Dominigue (Haiti)

the name given to the now Haitian side of the Island of Hispaniola [Haiti + DR], aka the French colony

Haiti

Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.

Plantation Slavery

Economic system in which enslaved labor was used to grow crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton on large estates.

Sugar Trade

In the West Indies trade made possible by the demand for sugar in Europe and the readily available source of enslaved people in Africa./Sugar plantations were a "modern" industry in that they required a large capital investment, technology, large labor source and a mass market of consumers. Prior to the Revolution, Haiti produced 40+% of the worlds sugar.

Louisiana Slave Revolt of 1811

Inspired by the Haitian Revolution, the "German Coast Uprising" was the largest enslaved insurrection in the US, totaling over 500 enslaved people. Considerable property damage to the sugar plantations and killing of 2 white people lead to mass panic, and the uprising was brutally suppressed. The embalmed severed heads of the enslaved were displayed along the Mississippi River in New Orleans as a warning to other enslaved people.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general, and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean sea. In 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. French emperor during Haitian Revolution, sold Louisiana to Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

-Republican

-Marbury vs Madison, 1803

-Louisiana Purchase, 1803

-Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-05

-12th Amendment, 1804

-Embargo Act, 1807

-Non-Intercourse Act. 1809

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River. This increased the land in which enslavement could expand and created a series of conflicts over the role of enslavement in this new territory

Charles Deslondes

In 1811, he led between 180 and 500 slaves in an attempt to seize New Orleans

Madison Washington

• Led a revolt aboard the Creole ship that was taking 135 African slaves from Virginia to New Orleans

• Sailed the ship to the British Colony of the Bahamas where slavery had been abolished

• Fishermen in the Bahamas surrounded and protected the ship: slaves got freedom

Creole Mutiny 1841

A slave ship that hosted a mutiny and freed the over 135 captive African abroad in Jamaica that was bound from Virginia to New Orleans. Enslavement had been ban in the British colonies, and so the captives went free

Freedmen

former enslaved people of African descent, also included African Americans who had been born free.

Women's Suffrage

the right of women to vote, eventually white women gain the right to vote in 1920 with the 19th Amendment. Prominent Black female activists worked in this movement, but it was rarely intersectional and reflected the racism of the time

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator.

Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862-1931)

Born to slave parents in Mississippi; journalist the championed civil rights; fought for equality of women and African Americans; began anti-lynching campaign and got involved with women's suffrage movement; With Jane Addams she fought to end segregated schools; later one of founders of NAACP; became one of first African Americans to run for public office