AP Psychology - Biological Bases of Behavior: Test 3

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65 Terms

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sensation

the process by which a stimulated receptor (eyes, ears) creates a pattern of neural messages that represent the stimulus in the brain

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perception

a mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to incoming sensory patterns

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bottom up processing

analysis that begins with sense receptors then goes to the brain and mind

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top down processing

guided by higher level processing as we construct perceptions

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perceptual set

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another because of top down processing

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cocktail party effect

we are able to block out other stimuli to focus on one thing

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inattentional blindness

we don’t notice something right infront of us because we aren’t paying attention

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change blindness

failure to notice sudden changes (merging lanes into cyclists)

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psychophysics

relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experiences

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absolute threshold

minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect something (candle flame seen from 30ft on a clear night)

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subliminal threshold

when stimuli are below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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difference thresholds

the smallest amount of detectable change

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weber’s law

to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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signal detection theory (SDT)

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus, assumes there is no single absolute threshold

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sensory adaptation

diminished physical sensitivity as a consequence of a constant (going into cold pool)

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habituation

focuses on the cognitive/perceptual level

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transduction

the sensory process that converts light/sound waves into a neural message

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hue

dimension of color determined by wavelength

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intensity

amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude

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cornea

outer covering of eye

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pupil

adjustable center of eye where light enters

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iris

dilates and constricts to change light intensity

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lens

transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus on images on the retina

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accommodation

lens focusing on retina

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nearsightedness

near objects are clearer

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farsightedness

far objects are clearer

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acuity

sharpness of vision

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retina

light sensitive inner surface, contains rods and cones and layers of neurons that begin visual processing

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blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells

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fovea

central focus point in the retina

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ganglion cells

neurons that connect to the bipolar cells, axons create the optic nerve

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bipolar cells

neurons that connect rods and cones to the ganglion cells

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optic chiasm

where optic nerves from each eye cross into opposite sides of the brain

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visual pathway

axon of ganglion cells form optic nerve, half go to opposite hemisphere, while the rest go to the LGN

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feature detectors

nerve cells that respond to specific features

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parallel processing

motion, form, depth, color

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trichromatic theory

retina receptors are sensitive to blue red and green

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opponent process theory

hering, we process colors in pairs, red-green blue-yellow black-white

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gestalt theory

argues that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the sum of its sensory parts

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grouping

we tend to group things based on proximity, continuity, and closure

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law of pragnanz

we see the simplest organization, requires the least cognitive effort

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binocular depth cues

uses both eyes

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retinal disparity

images differ from each eye

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convergence

moving eyes inward to see near objects

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relative size

closer objects are larger

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interposition

something infront is closer

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linear perspective

lines converge in distance

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relative motion/object parallax

closer objects seem to move faster

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texture gradient

we see more texture closer

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motion perception

changing size of objects

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stroboscopic movement

animated movement

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phi phenomenon

illusion of movement, flashing lighted signs

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perceptual constancy

we see objects as stable even seeing it from different views (we don’t think someone shrank when they don’t)

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moon illusion

when the moon is close to the horizon, it looks larger

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ponzo illusions

size illusions, far away looks larger

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critical period

you need visual stimulation by a certain age, or else it will negatively impact vision

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perceptual adaptation

how we adapt to perceptual changes (upside down glasses)

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frequency

the number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time

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amplitude

physical strength of a wave, volume

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eardrum

vibrates sound

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hammer, anvil, stirrup

bones in the ear that vibrate cochlea

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cochlea

has fluid that vibrates to basilar membrane to auditory nerve which sends signal to thalamus then temporal lobe

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place theory

the pitch we hear affects where the cochlea is vibrated

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frequency theory

brain identifies pitch of sounds according to how rapidly nerve impulses fire

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valley principle

neural cells alternate firing in rapid succession