BSCI202 Lab: Respiratory System

What does the upper division of the respiratory tract contain?

External nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

What does the lower division of the respiratory tract contain?

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; a resonance chamber for voice production

What are the other structures of the nasal cavity?

Nostrils, conchae (inferior, middle, superior), sinuses

What is the function of the pharynx?

Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus

Which pharynx region is the most superior and is only involved in respiration?

Nasopharynx

Which pharynx region is the middle (from soft palate to epiglottis) and is involved in both respiration and digestive functions?

Oropharynx

Which pharynx region is the most inferior (from epiglottis to larynx) and is involved in both respiration and digestive functions?

Laryngopharynx

What is the function of larynx?

Prevent food/fluid from entering lungs, air passageway, and responsible for voice production

What is the larynx composed of?

Cartilaginous and membranous structures

What are the hyaline cartilages of the larynx?

Thyroid cartilage, Circoid cartilage, Arytenoid cartilage

What is the elastic cartilage of the larynx?

Epiglottis

What type of cartilage forms the framework of the larynx and contains the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)?

Thyroid cartilage

What type of cartilage attaches the larynx to the trachea?

Circoid cartilage

What type of cartilage anchors the vocal folds?

Arytenoid cartilage

What type of cartilage closes the opening of the trachea during swallowing?

Epiglottis

What is 1?

Throid cartilage

What is 2?

Epiglottis

What is 3?

Arytenoid cartilage

What is 4?

Circoid cartilage

What are the mucous membranes of the larynx?

Vocal folds, vestibular folds, glottis

What is known as the true vocal cords and vibrate with expired air to produce sounds (composed of elastic fibers)?

Vocal folds

What is known as the false vocal cords and protects the vocal folds (located superior to it, composed of elastic fibers)?

Vestibular folds

What is a slit-like passageway between the vocal folds?

Glottis

What is 1?

Vestibular fold

What is 2?

Vocal fold

What is 1?

Base of tongue

What is 2?

Epiglottis

What is 3?

Flase vocal cord

What is 4?

True vocal cord

What is 5?

Glottis

What connects larynx to bronchi?

Trachea

Why are the trachea’s walls reinforced with C-rings of hyaline cartilage?

Allows for expansion during swallowing and provides structure to maintain an open airway

Why is the trachea lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Cilia moves mucus away from lungs and to throat

What do goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium produce?

Mucus

What is 1?

Nasopharynx

What is 2?

Oropharynx

What is 3?

Laryngopharynx

What is 4?

Larynx

What is 5?

Nasal cavity

What is 6?

Trachea

Trachea divides into right and left ______.

Bronchi

Terminal bronchioles divide into _______ bronchioles.

Respiratory

Respiratory bronchial will subdivide into what?

Alveolar duct

What are alveolar sacs?

Clusters of alveoli

What are balloon-like pockets at the end of the alveolar duct?

Alveoli

Alveoli is densely covered with what?

Pulmonary capillaries

What are alveoli composed of (single-layered, overlying a basal lamina)?

Simple squamous epithelium

What is the alveoli the site of?

Gas exchange

How does gas exchange happen? What is the process called?

Simple diffusion

What forms the respiratory membrane (blood-air barrier)?

Alveolar and capillary walls, with their fused basement membranes

What are considered soft, spongy organs that is made mostly of respiratory passageways?

Lungs

What allows the lungs to expand and contract?

Elastic CT

Lungs fills the entire thoracic cavity, except for what?

Mediastinum

What is the concavity of the left lung that provides space for the heart?

Cardiac notch

Left lung has how many lobes?

2

The right lung has how many lobes?

3

What is each lung divided by?

Fissures

What are double-layed serous membrane surround each lung called?

Pleurae (s. pleura)

What is the outer layer pleura attach to thoracic walls and the diaphragm?

Parietal pleura

What is the inner layer pleura that covers the external surface of the lung?

Visceral pleura

What is the act of breathing called?

Pulmonary ventilation

What is the process of gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs?

External respiration

What is the process of gas exchange between blood and tissues?

Internal respiration

What is it called when air moves into the lungs?

Inspiration

What is it called when air moves out of the lungs?

Expiration

Inspiration or expiration?

• Inspiratory muscles contract

• Thoracic cavity increases in size

• Intrapulmonary volume increases

• Intrapulmonary pressure decreases

• Air flows to area of lowest pressure (into the lungs)

Inspiration

Inspiration or expiration?

• Inspiratory muscles relax

• Thoracic cavity decreases in size

• Intrapulmonary volume decreases

• Intrapulmonary pressure increases

• Air flows to area of lowest pressure (out the lungs)

Expiration

What is the measurement that determines the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions?

Tidal volume (TV)

What is the measurement that determines the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration?

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

What is the measurement that determines the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration?

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

What is the measurement that determines the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration?

Residual volume (RV)

What is the measurement that determines the maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort?

Total lung capacity (TLC)

What is the equation for TLC?

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

What is the measurement that determines the maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort?

Vital capacity (VC)

What is the equation for VC?

TV + IRV + ERV

What is the measurement that determines the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration?

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

What is the equation for IC?

TV + IRV

What is the measurement that determines the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration?

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

What is the equation for FRC?

ERV + RV

What is a?

IRV

What is b?

TV

What is c?

ERV

What is d?

RV

What is 1?

IC

What is 2?

FRC

What is 3?

VC

What is 4?

TLC

What sound is produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi)?

Bronchial sounds

What sound are results from air filling the alveolar sacs and resembles the sound of rustling leaves?

Vesicular breathing sounds

Respiratory diseases produce abnormal sounds. When you hear a rasping sound, what is that known as?

Rales

Respiratory diseases produce abnormal sounds. When you hear a whistling, what is that known as?

Wheezing

What type of disease is known to be associated with increased resistance in the airways?

Obstructive

What type of disease is known to be associated with declining lung capacity?

Restrictive

Obstructive or restrictive?

Normal VC, but decreased rate of air flow due to bronchoconstriction (examples: asthma, chronic bronchitis).

Obstructive

Obstructive or restrictive?

VC is decreased (example: polio, tuberculosis)

Restrictive

What is the testing procedure that measures the volume of air expelled when a subject takes the deepest possible breath and then exhales forcefully and rapidly?

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

What is the testing procedure that looks at the percentage of VC that is exhaled during specific time intervals (Example: amount exhaled during the first second of the test)?

Forced expiratory volume (FEV_T)

FVC or FEV_T: Which will be reduced in restrictive pulmonary disease?

FVC

FVC or FEV_T: Which will be reduced in obstructive pulmonary disease?

FEV_T