Management Chapter 11: Motivating People

What is motivation?

Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's efforts.

What are the key reasons managers must motivate employees?

To join the organization, remain in the organization, come to work regularly, perform, and exhibit good citizenship.

What does Goal-Setting Theory state?

People have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end.

What are the six main goals?

Meaningful, specific, measurable, achievable, results-based, and time-specific (SMART).

What are stretch goals?

Targets that are particularly demanding, sometimes thought to be impossible, categorized into vertical and horizontal types.

What is the Law of Effect?

A law stating that behavior followed by positive consequences is likely to be repeated.

What are the four key consequences of behavior?

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.

What is organizational behavior modification (OB MOD)?

The application of reinforcement theory in organizational settings.

What should managers be careful about when reinforcing behaviors?

They must identify which behaviors they reinforce and which they discourage, as rewards shape behavior.

What is expectancy theory?

A theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and how highly they value that outcome.

What are the three beliefs that must be high for motivation to be high?

Expectancy, instrumentality, and the total valence of all outcomes.

What is the significance of feedback in motivation?

Feedback is essential reinforcement, as most managers do not provide enough useful feedback.

What is Maslow's need hierarchy?

A theory postulating that people are motivated to satisfy unmet needs in a specific order.

What are Alderfer's three work-related needs in ERG theory?

Existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs.

What are existence needs according to Alderfer's ERG theory?

All material and physiological desires.

What are relatedness needs in Alderfer's ERG theory?

Involves relationships with other people and are satisfied through mutually sharing thoughts and feelings.

What are growth needs in Alderfer's ERG theory?

Motivate people to productively or creatively change themselves or their environment.

What does valence refer to in expectancy theory?

The value an outcome holds for the person contemplating it, which can be positive or negative.

What is the role of punishment in motivation?

Punishment is appropriate when people violate laws or standards, but overuse can create a climate of fear.

What is the importance of setting team performance goals?

If cooperation is important, performance goals should be established for the team.

What should managers do to create effective positive outcomes?

Be aware of the importance of personal growth and self-actualization.

What is the impact of high expectancies on motivation?

High expectancies create higher motivation than low expectancies.

What are some examples of nonmonetary rewards?

Innovative managers use reinforcers creatively, including recognition and opportunities for growth.

What is the consequence of neglecting other performance dimensions?

Focusing solely on productivity goals may cause employees to neglect other important areas.

What is the significance of having a statement of purpose?

It serves as a powerful tool for self-management, including an inspiring vision and goals.

What is the relationship between performance and rewards?

The perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome is known as instrumentality.

What is the effect of meaningful goals on motivation?

Meaningful goals that appeal to higher values add extra motivating power.

What development opportunities does Starbucks offer to U.S. employees working at least 20 hours per week?

Tuition coverage program with Arizona State University.

What are the three relevant needs identified by McClelland?

Need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power.

How does the need for achievement manifest in individuals?

As a strong orientation toward accomplishment and an obsession with success and goal attainment.

What is the need for affiliation?

A strong desire to be liked by other people.

What does the need for power entail?

A desire to influence or control other people.

How do different cultures prioritize needs?

Cultures like the U.S., Canada, and Great Britain value achievement and self-actualization, while collectivist cultures like China value belongingness.

What are extrinsic rewards?

Rewards given by others, such as pay and benefits.

What are intrinsic rewards?

The rewards a worker derives directly from performing the job itself.

What is job rotation?

Changing from one task to another to alleviate boredom.

What is job enlargement?

Giving people additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom.

What is job enrichment?

Changing a task to make it inherently more rewarding, motivating, and satisfying.

What are hygiene factors according to Herzberg?

Characteristics of the workplace that can make people dissatisfied, such as company policies and working conditions.

What are motivators according to Herzberg?

Factors that make a job more motivating, such as additional responsibilities and opportunities for personal growth.

What are the five core dimensions of enriched jobs according to Hackman and Oldham?

Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.

What is empowerment in the workplace?

The process of sharing power with employees to enhance their confidence and belief in their contributions.

1. They perceive meaning in their work

2. They feel competent

3. They have an impact

What is equity theory?

A theory stating that people assess fairness based on the ratio of their outcomes to inputs compared to others.

1. Outcomes

2. Inputs

What can employees do to restore equity if they feel inequitably treated?

They can reduce their inputs, increase their outcomes, decrease others' outcomes, or increase others' inputs.

What is procedural justice?

Using fair processes in decision making and ensuring others know the process was fair.

What are some consequences of job dissatisfaction?

Higher turnover, absenteeism, less good citizenship, more grievances and lawsuits, strikes, stealing/sabotage/vandalism, poorer mental and physical health, more injuries, poor customer service, and lower productivity & profits.

What are Quality of Work Life (QWL) programs designed to do?

Create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfies a full range of employee needs

1.Adequate and fair compensation
2. A safe and healthy environment
3. Jobs that develop human capacities
4. A change for personal growth and security
5. A social environment that fosters personal identity….
6. Constitutionalism
7. A work role that minimizes infringement on personal leisure and family needs
8. Socially responsible organizational actions

What is a psychological contract?

A set of perceptions of what employees owe their employers and what their employers owe them.

What factors do employees consider important for workplace motivation?

Job security, autonomy, compensation, recognition, the work itself, opportunity to use skills, employee benefits, relationship with supervisors, work/life balance, and corporate culture.

What is the significance of Maslow's hierarchy in motivation?

It outlines the progression of human needs from basic to self-actualization.

What is the ERG theory?

A theory that categorizes human needs into existence, relatedness, and growth.

What are the four characteristics of meaningful goals?

• Meaningful

• Acceptable

• Challenging but attainable

• Specific and quantifiable

Expectancy theory leverage points

1. Increase expertise

2. Identify positively valent outcome

3. Make performance instrumental toward positive outcomes

Maslow’s need hierarchy

1. Physiological

2. Safety or security

3. Social

4. Ego

5. Self-actualization

Herzberg two factor theory

1. Hygiene factors

2. Motivators

Critical psychological states

-Meaningfulness of the job
-Responsibility for outcome of job
-Knowledge of the results

Growth needs:

Strength

Productivity

Being productive in the workplace