MED TERM Ch. 3- Lecture Flashcards

Ch. 3 Skeletal System- Lecture Notes B3 2024

Red bone marrow is located in…

Spongy bone

Red blood cell formation

Hemopoiesis OR hematopoiesis

What hormone triggers hematopoiesis?

Erythropoeitin

What organ releases erythropoietin?

Kidneys

Symptoms of pt in renal failure

Anemia, hypoxia, shortness of breath, pallor

Periosteum

Outer covering of bone

Endosteum

Inner lining of bone

Medullary cavity contains…

Mostly yellow bone marrow

Epiphyseal plate

Growth plate of bone

When do bones stop growing in men & women?

Men: around 25; women: 2 years after menarche

Menarche

First menstrual cycle

What is the average age of menarche (current & past)

11 years currently, 13 in the past

Has the average age of menarche increased or decreased? Why?

Decreased, due to endocrine disruptors

Common endocrine disruptors

PCBs, pesticides, herbicides, DDT, industrial solvents, phytoestrogens, triclosan, lavender oil, tea tree oil, exposure to mercury

What does PCB stand for

Polychlorinated biphenyls

What condition does DDT often cause?

Breast cancer

Breast cancer capital of USA?

Long island

What are some causes of decreased sperm motility and sperm counts?

Large numbers of microplastics (found in sperm)

Blood dyscrasias

Blood disorders

Alternate term for blood disorders?

Blood dyscrasias

Until what point is a pregnancy considered an embryo?

Until 3 months

What is the hardest tissue in the body

Dental enamel

Alveolar process

Where the teeth are inserted

Process

Projection on surface of bone, commonly an attachment for muscle/tendon/ligaments

Mastoid process

Located on temporal bone just behind ears

What bone is located deep inside the nose?

Vomer bone (think voldemort)

Where is the sphenoid bone located?

To the side (s = sphenoid, s = side)

What are the two joints that get replaced the most?

Hip, knee

What does ACL stand for?

Anterior cruciate ligament (cruciate = cross)

What bone absorbs the most weight?

Tibia

Subluxation

Partial popping out of joint

Luxation

Full popping out of joint

Urticaria

Hives

Emboli

Clot that moves, goes up inferior vena cava, gets stuck in heart, causes pulmonary embolism

PE

Pulmonary embolism

How long do hip/knee replacements last?

15 years

DVT stands for…

Deep vein thrombosis

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A thrombus that forms in a deep vein (typically legs) due to reduced blood flow; dangerous because can cause PE

Medical term for clot

Thrombus

Where are lacrimal glands? What do they do?

On top of eye, produce tears

How do you get patients walking after surgery while preventing pain?

premedicate patients, 45mins before

What exactly does a hip replacement replace? What is it made of?

Replace cup of acetabulum with plastic-type surface, other replacement made of titanium

What are compression socks used for?

Pushes bloodflow to heart

Lovenox

Low molecular weight heparin, blood thinner, decreases chance of DVT

PCL

Posterior cruciate ligament

Meniscal tear

Shaved down with arthroscope

What happens to the knee in ACL tear?

Knee loses anchoring

Autologous transfer

From self

allogeneic transfer

From cadaver

Where does an autologous ACL transfer come from?

Hamstring or patellar ligament

Anterior fontanelle shape

Diamond shaped

Posterior fontanelle shape

Triangle shaped

Intramembranous ossification

Sheets of cartilage come in and fill fontanelles

Pubic symphysis

Gap in pelvis, allows for expansion during childbirth

Where are bursae commonly found

Where a tendon crosses a bone (in friction-prone areas)

Appendage

Anything attached to a major part of the body

Appendicular

Referring to an appendage

Extremity

Terminal end of body part

How many bones in axial skeleton

80

Appendicular skeleton

126

Three parts of sternum (top to bottom)

Manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process

Bone of lower arm that is THUMB SIDE

Radius

Bone of lower arm that is PINKY SIDE

Ulna

Carpal tunnel cause and symptoms

Median nerve compressed, causes pain + burning + tingling

What to do with a patient who has a carpal tunnel?

Put them in splint, NSAIDS

Intercostal spaces

The spaces between the ribs

What do the floating ribs protect

Kidneys

Where are the kidneys located in relation to the peritoneal wall?

Retroperitoneal

Spinous process

Where muscles and ligaments attach to vertebrae; you can feel it when you bend over

Hemarthrosis

Blood in joint cavity

Bedsore

Decubitus ulcer

What causes sepsis

Bacteria in blood stream

MODS

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

What is MODS

Acute condition that shuts down organs and organ systems, typically caused by infection

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth, fall out eventually

What do cruciate ligaments do

Stabilize the knee

What type of joints typically experience dislocation

Ball-and-socket joints

Spina bifida

Congenital defect, often caused by low folic acid during pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy

Neural tube

Narrow channel, spinal cord passes through this

Meninges

Covering of brain and spinal cord

Three types of spina bifida

Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele

What is spina bifida occulta

Spinal cord is inside, but spine is OPEN; skin of back experiences no changes OR tuft of hair OR dimple

Pilonidal cyst

If the tuft of hair becomes ingrown, then the cyst forms

Meningocele

Pouch of CSF protruding at back, no nerves, some mild changes in function

Myelomeningocele

Pouch of CSF and spinal cord in back, babies typically cannot walk, extensive corrective surgery needed, causes paralysis due to nerve damage

Layers of meninges (outside to in)

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Dura mater

Outside, durable

Arachnoid mater

Spiderweb like

Pia mater

Thin, delicate, closes to brain

Americans with Disability Act

Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, transport, public accommodations

DOE

Dyspnea on exertion

Addison’s disease

Adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones; less cortisol

Intramembranous bone development

Bones begin as a sheet (layers of connective tissue), later ossify

Endochondral

Bones begin as masses of cartilage

Harelip

opening/split in upper lip and roof of mouth

Cleft palate

If teratogen affects mother and development of fetus, OR, if other issues/deficiencies occur in development, then, there is no separation in oropharynx and nasopharynx; this causes the baby to aspirate when feeding and pushes food into lungs, which increases pneumonia risk

Hard palate

Floor of skull/palatine bone

Soft palate

Farther back

Paget’s disease

Either more osteoblasts or osteoclasts

Factors influencing prenatal development

Nutrition, exposure to sun, hormonal secretions, physical exercise