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How do schistosomes enter human hosts?

Penetration

What do schistosomes lose upon entering a human host?

Tail

What do schistosomes become when they enter the human host?

Schistosomula

Where do the schistosomulae mature into worms?

Liver

Where do schistosome worms pair?

Liver

Where do schistosome worms migrate to?

Mesenteric venules

Where are the mesenteric venules?

Small intestine

What species of schistosome doesn't enter the mesenteric venules?

Schistosoma haematobium

Where does S. haematobium go in the worm stage?

Bladder

Where are schistosome eggs secreted (Mansoni and Japonicum)?

Feces

Where are S. haematobium eggs secreted?

Urine

What hatches from a schistosome egg?

Miracidium

What schistosome stage enters snails and how do they enter?

Miracidium, penetration

What do schistosome miracidia develop into while in the snail?

Mother sporocysts

What stage follows the mother sporocyst in schistosomes?

Daughter sporocyst

Where do daughter sporocysts develop?

Mother sporocysts

What stage follows daughter sporocyst in the schistosome life cycle?

Cercaria

Are cercaria free living?

Yes

What organ aside from the skin do the schistosomulae enter first?

Lungs

What is the mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia?

Fecal-oral

What is the infective stage of Giardia lamblia for humans?

Cyst

Where does excystation in Giardia lamblia occur?

Duodenum

What emerges from a Giardia lamblia cycst?

Quadrinucleate trophozoite

What is the first thing a Giardia lamblia quadrinucleate trophozoite do?

Divide

How many nuclei does the average Giardia lamblia trophozoite have?

2

By what mechanism does a Giardia lamblia trophozoite divide?

Binary fission

Where does Giardia lamblia reside?

Small intestine

What stages follows the Giardia lamblia trophozoite?

Cyst

What is the genus name of the vector for Loa Loa?

Chrysops

What is another name for Loa Loa?

African eye worm

What is the common name for Clonochis sinensis?

Chinese liver fluke

What is the infective stage of Clonorchis sinensis for humans?

Metacercaria

What is the infective stage of Clonorchis sinensis for the intermediate host?

Egg

What is the first intermediate host for the Chinese liver fluke?

Snail

What exits the Clonorchis sinensis egg?

Miracidium

What stage of Clonorchis sinensis penetrates the gut of the snail?

Miracidia

What stage follows the miracidium in Clonorchis sinensis?

Sporocyst

Name the two following stages of Clonorchis sinensis after the sporocyst.

Mother and daughter redia

What is the infective stage of Clonorchis sinensis for freshwater fish?

Cercaria

What do cercaria arise from in Clonorchis sinensis?

Daughter redia

What stage of Clonorchis sinensis leaves the snail?

Cercaria

What is the mode of transmission of Clonorchis sinensis for humans?

Passive trophic transmission

Where does Clonorchis sinensis excyst?

Duodenum

Where does Clonorchis sinensis reproduce sexually in the human host?

bile duct

T/F All digenetic trematodes are parasites.

True

T/F Most monogenetic trematodes are parasites.

False

Are platyhelminths coelomates?

No

Name the important worms in this phylum

Cestodes, trematodes

What is the common name for cestodes?

Tapeworms

What is the common name for trematodes?

Flukes

What kind of symmetry do cestodes and trematodes have?

Bilateral

What kind of trematode has alternation of generation and only indirect life cycles?

Digenetic

Most __ are found in the haemocoel, but 1 infects supraesophageal ganglion of the _____? (parasite induced transmission)

Metacercariae, ant

What is the name of the parasite that causes ants to climb to the tops of blades of grass to be eaten?

Dicrocelium dendriticum

What is the definitive host of Drcrocelium dendriticum?

Herbivore

How do Drcrocelium dendriticum eggs get into their intermediate hosts? What is the first intermediate host?

Ingestion, snail

What is the term for the presence of both sexes in one organism?

Monoecious

T/F Trematodes have a blind gut.

True

Is another name for the acetabulum ventral sucker or oral sucker?

Ventral sucker

Yolk and shell materials are contributed by the gland and vitellaria and formed following fertilization in the .

Mehls, ootype

Redia usually feed on what snail tissues?

Gonad, hepatopancreas

T/F Paragonimus species are vectored by mosquitoes.

False

What is the vector for Paragonimus species?

Crustacean

What is the scientific name for the pork tapeworm?

Taenia solium

What is the scientific name for the beef tapeworm

Taenia saginata

What stage hatches from the oncosphere in Taenia solium?

Cystocercus

How can you tell the difference between pork and beef tapeworms?

Uterine branches

T/F You cannot retroinfect with Taenia solium.

False

T/F You cannot retroinfect with Taenia saginata

True

Which tapeworm produces the most eggs and uterine branches, Taenia solium or saginata?

Taenia saginata

What is the usual definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus?

Canids

What is the infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus for humans?

Egg

What is the mode of transmission for Echinococcus granulosus?

Fecal-oral

What is the main pathology of Echinococcus granulosus in humans (3 words)?

Unilocular hydatid cyst

What 2 organs do Echinococcus granulosus individuals reside?

Liver, lungs

What stage of Echinococcus granulosus penetrates the intestinal wall of humans?

Oncosphere

How many proglottids does an adult Echinococcus granulosus have?

3

What emerges from an Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst?

Protoscolex

Where are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis adults found?

Small intestine

What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus?

Herbivore

Echinococcus multilocularis intermediate host = ___

Rodents

What is the primary target organ for Echinococcus multilocularis?

Liver

Can tapeworms change position within a human host depending on the time of day?

Yes

Do specialized parasites out-compete generalists within a given host?

Yes

What is the term for an obstacle that prevents parasites from being transmitted to a given host (2 words)?

Encounter filter

What is the term for an obstacle within a given host that prevents parasites from being fit (2 words)?

Compatibility filter

Where is the adult stage of Dicrocelium dendriticum found?

Bile duct

What stage immerges from the egg in Dicrocelium dendriticum?

Miracidium

What do miracidia generally turn into in a given trematode life cycle?

Sporocyst

What emerges from the daughter sporocyst in Dicrocelium dendriticum?

Cercaria

In general, is it in the best interest of the parasite to manipulate its host? Does it become more fit?

Yes

All individuals of a particular parasite species occurring in an individual host.

Infrapopulation

All individuals of a single parasite species at all stages in the life cycle in ALL hosts in an ecosystem.

Suprapopulation

All individuals of a single parasite species in all stages stages in the life cycle in ONE host species in an ecosystem.

Component population

How Are Parasite Individuals Distributed Among Host Infrapopulations?

Aggregated

What are the 3 main species of schistosomes?

Mansoni, japonicum, haematobium

What species of Schistosome is most prevalent in humans?

Schistosoma haematobium

Does Schistosoma haematobium have any reservoir hosts?

No

Do Schistosoma mansonia and japonicum have reservoir hosts?

Yes

Which 2 species of schistosomes are found in Africa?

Mansoni and haematobium