Skeletal System of Frog

Skeleton

Provides a rigid structure to which muscles attach

Support, protection, and movement

functions of the skeletal system

Histology

study of tissues

Histo-

Tissues

-logia

Learning

Compact bone

Dense layer from the outside from the bone. Present in the outer layer of the long bones.

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

spongelike meshwork consisting of trabecular, present in the middle of long bones

light, spongy and soft in nature

Characteristic of spongy bone

Bone marrow

It produces red corpuscles and white granular corpuscles and forms at the end of the epiphysis of the long bones.

1. Decalcify the bone
2. Remove some of its calcium
3. Cut very thinly

What are the steps in order to get a micrograph?

Bone marrow

nutrient dense that are located in the cavities of the bones. Where blood cells are produced and stem cells are found.

Yellow bone marrow

An adipose tissue that have a mesh of particular network, which are filled with fats

Store fat, and produce red blood cells during life-threatening situations.

Function of Yellow bone marrow

Red bone marrow

where red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells are created.

Bone trabeculae

thin columns that create the spongy structure.

Adipocytes

cells that store fat

Osteocytes

cells that form the bone themselves

Osteoblasts

responsible for the formation of new osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Resorptions of the bone marrow (decay)

Lamella

Regular parallel alignments of collagen into sheets and make the bone strong

Calcified cartilage

hardened calcium

Lamella

layers of bone plates of collagen fibers that are usually found in mature and adult bones surrounded by cemented substances

Lamella

Where the osteocytes is found

Cement line

Boundary of the osteon

Circumferential/Concentric lamellae

Parallel to the surface

Interstitial lamellae

space between haversian canals or osteon

circular manner

Osteocytes is arranged in _____________ manner

Lacuna

Small space

Canaliculi

Where osteocytes make contact with cytoplasmic processes of the counterparts via network of small transfer canal.

Facilitates exchange of nutrients and metabolic wastes

Function of canaliculi

Haversian canals

microscopic tubes or tunnels that houses the nerves and few capillaries

Axial endoskeleton

composed of all endoskeletal structures located at the center or axis of the body

Appendicular endoskeleton

consists of all endoskeleton structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages

Skull, Visceral skeleton, Vertebral column and ribs, Sternum

Parts of Axial Endoskeleton

Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle, Anterior limbs, Posterior limbs

Parts of Appendicular Endoskeleton

Skull

Flattened dorsoventrally. It is wider posteriorly and narrower anteriorly. It encloses the brain and sense organs. It includes the cranium (brain case), and the visceral skeleton (jaws, hyoid apparatus and bones of the ears).

Premaxillae and Maxilla

known as the upper jaw

Premaxillae

paired, short, teeth-bearing bones that form the anterior most edge of the upper jaw (holds the upper teeth)

Maxilla

are paired curved teeth bearing bones, forming the margin of the jaw, Longest bones of the upper jaw, Wide in front where the premaxillae articulate

Formation of the nose and palate

Function of Premaxillae and Maxilla

Nasal

A pair of flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the skull just behind the nares.

Sphenethmoid

A median, single irregularly shaped bone. Relates to or being a bone of the skull that surrounds the anterior of the brain in many amphibians

Eye socket or orbit

Lateral to frontoparietal, houses and protects the eyes

Frontoparietal

Two long, slender, flat bones, just behind sphenethmoid.Also protects the brain. May be fused that they appear as a single bone. Cover most of the brain o Joins the prootics

Median dorsal suture

stitch

Squamosal or Squamous suture

Shaped in the form of a hammer and serves as a brace between the cranium and the posterior portion of the jaws to support the cartilaginous auditory region.
Extending upward from quadratojugals to the prootics. Between the temporal and parietal bone

Prootic

Has something to do with the hearing or ear drum (closes the ear)

Quadratojugals

Short bones that make up the posterior part of the upper jaw but does not bear teeth. Joins the quadrojugalar bone. Jugalar relates to the bone arch in the cheek part/jaw

Exoccipital

Surrounds the posterior part of the brain.

occipital condyle

A pair of prominent bone project from the exoccipital (knob/rounded projection of the bone)

Foramen magnum

Located in the base of the skull in the occipital part of the skull

Foramena

means great hole

Magnum

means something big

Oval

means circular opening

Vomer

Two flat, wing-shaped bones in the roof of the mouth just posterior to the premaxillae. Dedicated for prey.

Vomerine teeth

Ventral surface of each bears the ___________________

Palatine (palate)

Slender, rod-like bones on the lower side of the cranium just posterior to the vomers. Extends laterally from near the medium line to the maxillae.

Parasphenoid

A dagger-shaped, single bone that forms the floor of the cranium.

Anterior arm

Longest arm that extends to and articulates with the palatines and overlaps the ventral side of the sphenethmoid

Transverse arms

arms that lie on the ventral surface of the exoccipitals

Cartilages

form the sides of the cranium

Pterygoid

Three-rays of bone that serves as braces, Means wings

Occipital condyle

Projection that is round-like with a rounded edge

Visceral Skeleton

Endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches and in the frog. It consists of the (a) upper and lower jaws, (b) hyoid apparatus, and (c) the cartilages that support the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box

Lower Jaw

Also known as mandible, paired structure that is composed of three bones

Mentomeckelian

Unites two halves of the jaw (chin)

Dentary

A thin plate of bone that articulates with the mentomeckelian in front and is joined to the outer surface of the anterior part of the angulosplenial (teeth)

Angulosplenial

strong bone forming the inner and ventral part of each posterior half of the mandible.

coronoid process (muscle attachment)

Near the ends of Angulosplenial, this bone is expanded into a medially projecting ________________________.

Angulo

pertains to having like an angle

Splenial

means thin or slim

Hyoid Apparatus

refers to U-shaped bone that lies in the floor of the mouth (base of the tongue)

Supports the tongue and the larynx

function of hyoid apparatus

Body

flattened median region of the hyoid apparatus

Alary process

Extending as a pair of lateral expansion on the anterior side of the body of the hyoid apparatus (relates to wings)

Anterior cornu

A pair of longer, horn-like cartilages arising from the antero-medial border of the alary processes

Posterior cornu (backhorn)

A pair of pointed but shorter horn-like cartilages, which arises from the postero-lateral border of the body of the hyoid apparatus

Thyroid process

Medial to the posterior cornua, which connects to thyroid.

Atlas

1st vertebra that Specialized for articulation with the skull by means of two large facets or depressions, which receive the occipital condyles of the skull o Lacks transverse processes (represent fused ribs)

3rd and 4th

Strongest on the ___________________ vertebrae where they support the attachments of large and powerful muscles

posterior

Supports weaker muscles on the ______________ vertebrae (more slender)

Typical vertebrae

2nd to 8th vertebrae, almost have the same structure

Sacral vertebra

9th vertebra that is connected to the sacrum

Urostyle

10th vertebra

Zygapophyses

Two pairs of articulating processes that can be seen extending forward and backward from the neural arch

Postzygapophysis

Posterior pair that is directed downward

Neural canal

Dorsal to the centrum is a cavity, which encloses the spinal cord (protection)

Concavity

for articulation with occipital condyle

Centrum

Ventra, solid portion

Procoelous

Centra of the first seven (7) vertebrae (concave in front and convex behind)

Amphicoelous

Centra of eight vertebra (both concave)

Transverse process

extending laterally to the centrum

Prezygapophysis

anterior pair of zygopophyses that is directed upward

Transverse process

Specialized for articulation with the ilia of the pelvic girdle

Sacral vertebrae

prominence of centrum

Acoelous

Centrum of sacral vertebra, which means that both ends are flat.

Urostyle

represents several fused tail or caudal vertebrae

10th

Urostyle is the foramen for th eexit of the ________ spinal newve

Concavities

holes for articulation with sacral vertebra.

Pectoral girdle

also known as shoulder girdle, consists of a series of bones and cartilages which encircle the body and provide support for the forelimbs. It is firmly attached to the sternum