BIO 201 Exam 1

Cytology

The study of large structures and features of the body visible to the naked eye, often referred to as macroscopic anatomy

histology

the study of microscopic structures and tissues of organisms

afferent

toward the control center

homeostasis

keeping stable internal environment

Normal rage

limits for condition allowing normal function

Set point

typical or optimal value in the normal range

negative feedback loop

a process that counteracts a change in a regulated variable, helping to maintain homeostasis within an organism.

stimulus

change in condition that is controlled and monitored

receptor

makes the measurements (could be organs, cells, proteins)

afferent signal

Carries measureent sto decision center

control center

compares stimulus signal to desired condition

efferent signal

Conveys decision from control center to responding unit

effector

NOUN; structure, a thing that reverses the change (NOT an action)

Response

VERB; the action of the effector reversing the stimulus

result

change in condition opposition of stimulus, consequence of effectors action

anatomical position

Standard reference for describing locations in the body

Superior/ cranial

Up, toward top, not for limbs

Inferior/caudal

down, toward groin, not for limbs

proximal

toward the origin of limbs

distal

away from origin of limbs

anterior/ventral

front, toward belly

posterior/dorsal

Back

medial

Toward he midline of the body

lateral

Away from midline

superficial

Near body surface

Deep

far from body surface (internal)

cross-section/transverse

divide top and bottom

frontal/coronal

divide front from back

saggital

divides right from left

midsagittal

Median plane (down the midline)

parasagittal

off center from median plane

thoracic cavities

Abdominal quadrants

Abdominal regions

Apical

Top

basal

bottom

lateral

sides

avascular

without blood vessels

epithelia roles

protection, filtration, absorption, secretion

basement membrane

basal ECM fibers woven into a sheet; binds epithelium to CT below

squamous

Flat and thin

cuboidal

equally tall and wide

columnar

tallest

simple squamous

Location: air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Function: allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances

simple cuboidal

location: in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in the kidney tubules

Function: secretes and absorbs

simple columnar

location: ciliated tissues are in larger bronchioles, uterine tubes and uterus; smooth are in the digestive tract, bladder

Function: absorbs; it also secrets mucus and enzymes

pseudostratified columnar

Location: ciliated tissue lines the bronchi, trachea, and much of the upper respiratory tract

Function: secrets mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus

stratified squamous

Location: lines the vagina, esophagus, and mouth

Function: protects against absorption

Stratified cuboidal

location: sweat glands, salivary glands, and the mammary glands

Function: pierced against abraison

stratified columnar

Location: the male and female urethrae and the ducts of some glands

Function: secrets and protects

transitional

location: lines the bladder, urethra and the ureters

Function: allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch

exocrine

secrete onto body surfaces through ducts

endocrine

secrete hormones into blood

hormones

a chemical secreted by 1 tissue/organ into the blood to affect another tissue/organ

merocrine

cell remains intact

apocrine

secretes from top, cell cap pinches off

holocrine

the whole thing, cell bursts

collagen

flexible, tensile strength, unbranched, inelastic

elastic fibers

thin, wavy, branched, stretch & spring back

reticular fibers

thin, branched, delicate

proteoglycan

forms a gel

Mensenchymal cell

stem cell for many different CT cell types

fibroblast

Secretes glycoproteins and proteoglycans in fibrous tissue

adipocyte

stores fat for energy, padding, thermoregulation

white blood cells

manage inflammation and infection

Areolar tissue

unspecialized filler tissue with vessels and nerves

white adipose

Adipocytes, little ECM, lipid for ATP, padding

brown adipose

adipocytes, little ECM, lipid for creating heat

Reticular tissue

more reticular fibers, liver, and lymphoid

Regular CT

parallel fiber

irregular CT

has fibers, not parallel

chondrocytes

secrete ECM from inside lacunae

perichondrium

dense irregular fibrous CT capsule

Avascular

nutrients from perichondrium, slow healing

Hyaline cartilage

ribs, nose, joints, growth plates

fibrocartilage

more collagen, resists tears

Elastic cartilage

more elastin for recoil

periosteum

dense irregular fibrous CT capsule

Cancellous

deep, trabeculae with bone marrow between

plasma

h2o, nutrients, ions, wastes, proteins

Erythrocyte (RBC)

aculeate when mature, carry o2

platelet

call fragment that triggers clotting

leukocyte

Nucleated, inflammation, immunity

lymphatic vessels

Return excess tissue fluid to veins

lymph

fluid, solutes, WBCs, no RBCs or platelets

contractile

Cells gotten to move bones, face and organs

myofilaments

cytoskeleton filaments increase overlap to contract

Voluntary

Conscious and reflexive movements, body position

Multinucleate

Many peripheral nuclei

striated

myofilaments overlap gives microscopic bands

involuntary

No direct, conscious control

autorhythmic

contracts on its own with nervous system oversight only

mononucleate

Centra, single nucleus