13.2 key terms

urbanization

urbanization is the movement of population from rural to urban areas and the resulting proportion of a population that resides in urban rather than rural places. the industrial revolution brought rapid urbanization.

tenements

the poor were packed in the room in tenements, multistory building divided into crowded apartments. they had no running water , they didn’t have a sewage or sanitation system, so waste was dumped in the street, which led to dumping It into rivers and it contaminated the drinking water, it led to the spread of diseases like cholera.

labor unions

organization of workers who bargain for better pay and working conditions.

social mobility

the ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale. families were able to move up the social ladder through successful enterprise. people embraced the idea of “rags to riches” which was achieved through hard work and thrift.

standard of living

the standard of living refers to the level of material goods and services available to people in society. the standard of living rose for workers slowly.

free market

smith asserted that a free market, unregulated exchange of goods and service, would produce more goods at lower prices and help everyone.

Jeremy Bentham

Bentham was born in 1748 and died in 1832, he was a British philosopher and economist , who advocated for utilitarianism. He trained in the law but did not become a practicing lawyer, instead he focused on legal reforms and detailed plans on how to implement his proposals.

Thomas Malthus

Malthus was born in 1766 and died in 1831, he was a British economist, in an essay on the principle population, he argued that population increase would eventually use up the food supply and the poor should have fewer children because they would suffer in the end.

utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

socialism

system in which the people as a whole rather Than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses.

means if production

farms, factories, railways and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods.

Robert Owen

Owen was born in 1771 and died in 1858, he was poor welsh boy and became a successful mill owner, he also refused to use child labor. Owen set up a modal community in new lanark, Scotland based on utopianism, he wanted to show that an employer could offer decent living and working conditions and still run a profitable business.

Karl Marx

Marx was born in 1818 and died in 1883, he became the foundation for communism. in his most famous work the communist manifesto, he criticized capitalism and predicted that alienated workers would ruse up to overthrow the bourgeoisie.

proletariat

working class.

communism

a form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx: according ti Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead ti the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.

social democracy

political ideology in which there is a gradual traction from capitalism into socialism instead of a sudden, violent overthrow of the system.