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Ottoman Empire

Took Constantinople in 1453, renamed it Istanbul, expanded using gunpowder weapons, Sunni Muslim, created Janissaries.

Safavid Empire

Founded by Shah Ismail, used gunpowder weapons and Christian slave soldiers, Shia Muslim, religious conflict with Sunnis.

Mughal Empire

Founded by Babur in 1526, expanded under Akbar the Great, Muslim rule over majority-Hindu India, used Zamindar tax system.

Qing Dynasty

Took power after the Ming Dynasty, Manchu rulers over Han Chinese subjects, legitimized rule through imperial portraits.

Bureaucracy

Ottoman Devshirme system used Christian boys as elite Muslim administrators.

Janissaries

Elite enslaved Christian soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, loyal to the sultan instead of families.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that monarchs are chosen by God, justifying their absolute power.

Mughal Zamindars

Landowners in the Mughal Empire who collected taxes and were often corrupt.

Protestant Reformation

Movement initiated by Martin Luther in 1517 that protested simony and indulgences, leading to a split with Catholicism.

Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent addressed corruption and reinforced church doctrine.

Sikhism

Religion blending Hinduism and Islam; belief in one God and rejection of caste system.

Social Hierarchy

In colonies, a class structure tied to race with Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, and Indigenous/Africans at the bottom.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that emphasizes the necessity of exporting more than importing, with colonies as money-making resources.

Joint-stock Companies

Businesses where investors share profits and risks, facilitating overseas trade and colonization.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

Encomienda system

Spanish system that forced Indigenous people into labor in the Americas.

Indentured servitude

Temporary labor system where individuals worked for a certain number of years in exchange for passage.

Chattel slavery

A form of slavery where individuals are treated as property that can be bought and sold.

Social Darwinism

The belief that the stronger nations/races have the right to dominate the weaker ones.

Fascism

An authoritarian ultra-nationalist political system characterized by dictatorial power and forcible suppression of opposition.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness among countries, usually in terms of economics, politics, and culture.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas, primarily to work on plantations.

Middle Passage

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

Triangular Trade

A system in which slaves, crops, and manufactured goods were traded between Africa, the Americas, and Europe.

Cash Crops

Crops grown for sale rather than personal use, such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton.

Encomienda System Decline

Gradual replacement of encomienda with other labor systems due to abuses and royal concerns.

Potosi Silver Mine

A major silver mine in Bolivia that produced vast wealth for Spain but led to harsh conditions for Indigenous laborers.

Sugar Plantations

Large-scale agricultural operations in the Americas that relied heavily on slave labor to produce sugar.

Vodun

An Afro-Caribbean religion blending West African and Catholic beliefs (also known as Voodoo).

Santeria

A syncretic religion combining West African Yoruba traditions and Catholic beliefs, practiced in Cuba.

Casta System

A hierarchical social system in Spanish America based on race and ancestry.

Confucianism

A philosophy and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing social harmony, filial piety, and the importance of education.

Filial Piety

In Confucianism, the virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors.

The Analects

A collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius.

Five Relationships

In Confucianism, the hierarchical relationships between ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, elder sibling and younger sibling, and friend and friend.

Ren (仁)

Confucian principle denoting benevolence, humaneness, and goodness.

Li (禮)

Confucian concept referring to ritual, etiquette, and social norms.

Junzi (君子)

In Confucianism, the ideal of a 'gentleman' or superior person who embodies moral and ethical excellence.