child development ch 6

temperament

characteristics of the infant that are mostly innate (nature) with some environment (nurture) effects. mood, activity level, emotional reactivity, adaptability, intensity, distractibility

the nurse family partnership

where cathleen works

goodness of fit

matching styles between parent and child

better goodness of fit

more enhanced communication. more effective interactions. more adaptive functioning

parenting is bidirectional

easy babies make parents feel more effective and difficult babies make parents feel less effective, which may affect how they treat the child

personality

enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another. characteristics such as feelings, thinking, and behaving. develops from temperament. starts with a biological foundation which is expanded and elaborated on our experiences

individualistic cultures

value independence, competition, and personal achievement

collectivistic cultures

value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs

sex

biological

gender

sense of being male or female

stranger anxiety

fear or wariness associated with an unfamiliar or “strange” person. begins around six months

separation anxiety

fear or distress when a caregiver or other significant person departs. begins about 7-8 months and peaks at 14. emerges with developing cognitive processes including object permanence.

social referencing

looking at others facial expressions to figure out what is going on or how to respond. begins around 8-9 months. can cause mixed messages to be received

self regulation

controlling our emotions to attain goals

self awareness

realizing that you are a separate person. begins to grow around 12 months. recognizing oneself in a mirror

complex emotions

appear between 18-24 months following the emergence of a child’s understanding of the self

self conscious emotions

guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride, empathy, sympathy

resiliency

being able to overcome challenges and successfully adapt. requires caregivers and children to receive support from others. more likely to be found in children with an easy temperament

attachment

a close bond with a caregiver from which the infant derives a sense of security. the foundation of our future social interactions and relationships. the base for confidence and curiosity, which can influence our self concepts

freud attachment theory

infants are in the oral stage. will attach to the person who meets their oral needs

lorenz attachment theory

imprinting. suggests that attachment is innate, programmed genetically. says babies are born with the need, desire, and motivation to attach.

impringting

attachment to the first large moving object (during critical period)

harlows wire mother

suggests that attachment is about things other than food and physiological needs like comfort

bowlby evolutional theory of attachment

innate drive to form attachments for safety and security. infants who survive are the ones who stay close to their caregivers

safety and security

genetically determined motivation to avoid predators

eriksons stage theory of psychosocial development

proposes that personality is primarily shaped by our experiences. in infancy, these experiences include the actions and reactions of our caregivers

trust vs mistrust (0-18 months)

how well are the infants needs met by their caregivers? well - sense of hope, can fulfill their needs successfully, develop trust. not well - world is harsh and unfriendly, trouble bonding with others, develop mistrust

autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 months - 3 years)

do parents encourage exploration or redirect and overprotect? encourages with safe boundaries - independence and autonomy. restricted or over protected - unhappiness, shame, self doubt

four types of attachment

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

secure attachment

65%.  May be distressed mom she leaves happy and relieved when she returns

avoidant attachment

20%. Do not appear distressed when she leaves. Seem uninterested when she returns, may even avoid her

ambivalent attachment

Highly distressed when mom leaves. demonstrate angry and resistant behavior when she returns (10-15%)

disorganized-disoriented attachment (secure)

 Inconsistent, contradictory, confused behavior when mom leaves, Display confused and fearful behavior when she returns and may demonstrate odd, frozen postures (5-10%)

reactive attachment disorder.

Psychological problem characterized by extreme difficulty in forming attachments to others. Potential signs in an infant: feeding difficulties, inhibited and withdraw, minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others, non-organic failure to thrive, developmental delays, especially cognition and language

Usually, the result of severe abuse or neglect