Modern World History Midterm

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A revolution where people started using scientific beliefs instead of religious teachings.

What was the Geocentric Theory?

The belief that the Earth is in the middle of the solar system.

What was the Heliocentric Theory?

The theory that the Sun is in the middle of the solar system.

Which theory was supported by Galileo?

Heliocentric theory.

Who is considered the 'father of modern astronomy'?

Nicholas Copernicus.

What did Johannes Kepler discover that built upon the Copernican theory?

That the planets move in an elliptical orbit rather than a circular orbit.

How would you define the Scientific Method?

A method of using observations and answering questions to understand the world through science.

What was the Enlightenment?

A period where people began to use reason and logic over old beliefs.

Why is the Enlightenment also called the 'Age of Reason'?

Because people began to reason the things they believed and were told.

How would you describe a Philosophe?

People who used Enlightenment ideas, reason, and skepticism.

What were John Locke's natural rights?

Life, Liberty, Property.

Popular Sovereignty.

Enlightenment idea means the will of the people, typically expressed by voting

Who believed that different powers of government should be in separate branches?

Montesquieu.

Rousseau.

Who believed in a social contract?

What is a social contract according to Rousseau?

A contract where people give up some of their rights in exchange for security and order.

Voltaire.

Who advocated for civil rights like freedom of speech and freedom of religion?

Cesare Beccaria.

Who expressed the need for a criminal justice system and protections against cruel punishments?

Thomas Hobbes.

Who believed that people were naturally wicked and argued for absolute monarchy?

Mary Wollstonecraft.

Who advocated for equal educational opportunities for men and women?

What is the purpose of an Enlightenment Salon?

To allow philosophers to come together and openly discuss new ideas.

What is an Absolute Monarch?

A king or queen who has unrestricted power over their nation.

What is Divine Right?

The belief that monarchs are chosen by God to rule.

What is an Enlightened Despot?

A king or queen that uses enlightened ideas and beliefs.

What were the Three Estates (Old Régime)?

Social classes in France: First (Clergy), Second (Nobility), Third (Commoners).

Which estate represented the majority of the French population?

Third Estate.

Define Bourgeoisie.

People who had money but were not part of the government or nobility.

What were four reasons driving the French peasants to violence in the early stages of the revolution?

Unfair taxes, food shortages, Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution.

What was the Estates General?

An assembly with members of each social class to advise on major issues.

Define the Tennis Court Oath.

An oath where the Third Estate called themselves the National Assembly and did not disband until a new constitution was written for France.

What occurred during the Great Fear?

Violent revolts where peasants attacked nobles' homes.

Define the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

A document stating all men are equal and have natural rights.

What historic document inspired the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

Declaration of Independence.

Committee of Public Safety.

What was the name of the group led by Maximilien Robespierre during the Radical Phase of the French Revolution?

What were Lycees?

Public schools created by Napoleon to educate boys for future government jobs.

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A code that stated all males are equal and protected private property but limited women's rights.

Describe Napoleon's Continental System.

A blockade meant to stop British trade with Europe, but it failed.

Define Concordat.

An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope to restore the church's power.

Define Peninsular War.

A war with Spain, with British help, fought against invasion in the Iberian Peninsula.

Describe Guerrilla Warfare.

A fighting style involving small groups conducting surprise attacks.

The Invasion of Russia.

Which of Napoleon's military campaigns resulted in the greatest loss of life?

Describe the Scorched Earth Policy.

A tactic of burning crops and supplies to starve the enemy.

Where was Napoleon exiled?

First to Elba, then to St. Helena.

What was the period called when Napoleon escaped his first exile?

Hundred Days.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A meeting to restore Europe after Napoleon, aiming to restore monarchies, balance power, and prevent revolution.

Name the country that Haiti fought to gain independence from.

France.

Who led Haiti's independence movement?

Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Who led the Mexican War of Independence?

Miguel Hidalgo.

What was the 'Cry of Dolores'?

Miguel's speech calling for Mexican independence from Spain.

Who led the Spanish American War for independence?

Simón Bolívar.

How is Nationalism defined?

A strong sense of pride towards a nation, creating unity and loyalty among people.

What is Unification in the context of nationalism?

Merging politically divided but culturally similar groups into a single state.

What is Separation in the context of nationalism?

A culturally distinct group breaking away from a larger state to form its own nation.

What is State Building in nationalism?

Creating new institutions and a shared civic identity.

What was the Risorgimento?

The Italian struggle for independence, national unity, and national identity.

What was Camillo di Cavour's contribution to Italian Unification?

Pushed for northern Italian states to join together.

What was Giuseppe Mazzini's contribution to Italian Unification?

Founded the secret society, The Young Italy, and stirred revolts in many cities.

What was Giuseppe Garibaldi's contribution to Italian Unification?

Led the volunteer 'Red Shirts' in Southern Italy.

How did the Zollverein

Made German states economically dependent on each other to officially unite them.

Otto von Bismarck.

Who was the leading force behind German unification?

Define Realpolitik.

A system that prioritizes practical actions over morals or ideals.

How is Industrialization defined?

When people began to use machines and factories instead of handmade labor.

Which country industrialized first?

Great Britain.

What role did natural resources play in England's industrialization?

Britain had abundant natural resources.

How did population growth aid industrialization in England?

A growing population provided more labor.

How did geography benefit England during industrialization?

Easy access to water, colonies, and defense.

What role did innovation play in England's industrialization?

Stable government and good interest in science.

What is urbanization?

The movement of people from villages to cities.

What was the Enclosure Movement?

An act allowing wealthy landowners to buy off shared property.

What is a tenement?

Small, crowded apartments for workers.

How did railroads benefit England during the Industrial Revolution?

Provided faster transportation.

What is a labor union?

An organization of workers protesting for better hours, pay, and conditions.

How is Socialism defined?

A system where the government controls the economy.

How is Capitalism different from Communism?

Capitalism allows individuals to control their own economic activities, while Communism involves government control.