CRIM 2910 Final

What is reliability in research methods?

Reliability refers to consistency in procedures and reactions of participants.

What is validity in research methods?

Validity measures whether research is measuring what it intends to measure.

What happens when reliability and validity are achieved?

Data are free from systematic errors.

What is one purpose of research?

To research a topic in which little is known.

What is another purpose of research?

To collect baseline data for later comparisons.

What is another reason to conduct research?

When a policy change is being considered.

What is the definition of anonymity in research?

Anonymity occurs when the researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person.

What is confidentiality in research?

Confidentiality means a researcher can link information with a subject but promises not to disclose it publicly.

What is the difference between experimental reality and agreement reality?

Experimental reality is what we know from direct experience, while agreement reality is what we consider real based on consensus.

What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

The IRB reviews studies to determine risks and safeguards for participants.

What kind of consent is needed when researching minors?

Parental consent is required when researching minors.

What does 'transferable' mean in terms of generalizability?

Transferable means results can be applied from one context to another.

What are mutually exclusive and exhaustive attributes?

Mutually exclusive means classifying observations to only one attribute, while mutually exhaustive means covering all possible attributes.

What does unit of analysis refer to?

The major group that is being studied.

What are matrix questions?

Questions that use the same set of answer categories.

What is the concept of conceptualization in research?

Conceptualization is the mental process of clarifying what we mean by concepts.

What does 'ways of knowing' in research refer to?

Different approaches or methods to acquire knowledge and understand the world.

What is one way of knowing? (Authority)

Relying on experts or established sources of knowledge.

What is another way of knowing? (Intuition)

Knowing something instinctively without relying on evidence or reasoning.

What does empirical evidence mean?

Gaining knowledge through observation and experimentation.

What are possible harms in research?

Possible harms include physical harm, psychological harm, and embarrassment.

What is included in an informed consent document?

The document outlines the study's purpose, risks, benefits, and whether the study is confidential or anonymous.

What are levels of measurement in research?

Levels of measurement categorize data into nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

What is random sampling?

A sampling method where every person has an equal chance of being selected.

What are the types of questionnaires?

Structured, unstructured, and semi-structured questionnaires.

What is a structured questionnaire?

A questionnaire with fixed questions and response options.

What is an open-ended question?

A question that allows respondents to answer in their own words.

What is a sample in research?

A subset of a population, such as a specific group of students.

What is the difference between closed-ended and open-ended questions?

Closed-ended questions provide limited response options while open-ended questions allow for any response.

What are variables and attributes in research?

Variables are the features being studied, while attributes are the specific characteristics of those variables.

What is the definition of focus groups?

Interviews with a group to uncover perspectives through group dynamics.

What are structured interviews?

Interviews with a set list of specific questions and answer choices.

What is reflexivity in research?

The awareness of the researcher regarding their own biases and perspectives.

What is the importance of probes in interviews?

Probes encourage participants to elaborate on their responses.

What special considerations must be kept in mind for research with prisoners?

There must be a prisoner on the board to approve the study.

What type of questions does a semi-structured interview include?

It includes standardized questions but allows for unscheduled probes.

What is the purpose of attention probes in interviews?

Attention probes encourage quiet respondents to engage more.

What is probabilistic reasoning?

Understanding relationships and making predictions based on observed patterns.

What does the term 'ethical research' encompass?

Ensuring participant safety and informed consent in research practices.

What is the significance of measurement in research?

Measurement is essential for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data accurately.

What does 'reflexivity' mean in research contexts?

The researcher's recognition of their own influence on the research process.

What is an example of agreement reality?

Believing a common statement, like 'the sky is blue', based on consensus rather than direct experience.

What are the different types of validity in research methods?

Types of validity include internal validity, external validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Why is reliability important in research?

Reliability is crucial as it ensures that research findings are consistent and repeatable.

What is the difference between test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability?

Test-retest reliability measures consistency over time, while inter-rater reliability assesses the consistency among different researchers.