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Direct characterisation
is when the author describes a character's traits explicitly.
Indirect characterisation
involves the reader inferring character traits through actions or dialogue.
An archetype
is a universal character model or pattern, such as the mentor or the hero.
A foil
contrasts with another character, highlighting their traits.
A linear narrative
presents events in chronological order.
A non-linear narrative
presents events out of order, using techniques like flashbacks.
conflict
the main problem driving the story, either internal or external
Foreshadowing
provides hints about future events in a story.
The climax
is the turning point or moment of highest tension in a story.
The setting
is the time, place, and social context of the story.
pathetic fallacy
refers to attributing human emotions to nature to reflect mood.
the narrator speaks as a character in the story.
first-person
A third-person limited narrator
knows the thoughts of one character.
An unreliable narrator
is one whose credibility is questionable.
Imagery
is descriptive language that appeals to the senses.
A metaphor
is a direct comparison, such as 'Her smile was sunshine.'
A simile
uses the words 'like' or 'as' for comparison.
Symbolism
involves using objects to represent abstract ideas.
Tone
is the author’s attitude toward the subject.
The purpose of a text
is the reason the author writes it.
An audience
is the intended readers or viewers of the text.
Chronological structure
presents events or points in time order.
Juxtaposition
places contrasting ideas close together for effect.
Rhetorical questions
are posed to provoke thought rather than elicit an answer.
Hyperbole
is a deliberate exaggeration for effect.
A stanza
is a group of lines in poetry, like couplets or quatrains.
Volta
refers to a shift in tone or argument in a poem.
Alliteration
is the repetition of initial consonant sounds.
Euphemism
uses mild phrasing to soften harsh realities.
A dramatic monologue
is a poem that addresses a silent listener, revealing character indirectly.
