Chapter 11 People

What battle did Duke William of Normandy win to claim the English throne?

The Battle of Hastings.

What year did Duke William become the king of England?

1066.

What legal system did Henry II establish in England?

Common Law.

What system did Henry II introduce to ensure fairness in legal proceedings?

The jury system.

What document did King John sign in 1215 to limit royal power?

The Magna Carta.

Who forced King John to sign the Magna Carta?

A group of rebellious barons.

How did Philip II strengthen the royal government of France?

By paying middle-class officials and organizing a standing army.

What land did Philip II gain from England during his reign?

Land in the north and the south of France.

What was one of Louis IX’s significant reforms regarding justice?

He expanded the royal courts and outlawed private wars.

How was Louis IX viewed after his death?

He was declared a saint by the Church within 30 years of his death.

What conflict did Philip IV have with Pope Boniface VIII?

He wanted to tax the clergy without papal consent, leading to a clash with the Pope.

What action did Philip IV take against Pope Boniface VIII?

He sent men to seize the Pope, who was later found beaten and died from his injuries.

What role did Otto I play in the relationship between the Holy Roman Empire and the Church?

Otto I worked closely with the Church and helped the Pope defeat unruly nobles.

In what year was Otto I crowned emperor by the Pope?

962.

What practice did Pope Gregory VII ban that caused conflict with secular rulers?

Lay investiture.

How did Pope Gregory VII respond when Emperor Henry IV defied him?

He excommunicated Henry IV.

Why did Emperor Henry IV clash with Pope Gregory VII?

He wanted to appoint bishops, while the Pope argued that only the Church had that authority.

How did Henry IV resolve his excommunication by Pope Gregory VII?

He apologized, and Gregory forgave him.

What was Frederick Barbarossa’s goal in terms of empire building?

To create an empire from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea.

How did the northern Italian nobles resist Frederick Barbarossa’s ambitions?

They allied with the Pope and successfully resisted his control.

What region did Frederick II attempt to conquer in his efforts to build his empire?

Northern Italy.

Where was Frederick II raised, and how did that influence his leadership?

He was raised in southern Italy, which influenced his militaristic leadership style.

What significant claim did Pope Innocent III make regarding his power?

He claimed secular power, stating that the Pope stood between God and man.

Which major event did Pope Innocent III lead in 1209?

He launched a crusade against the Albigensians in southern France.

How did Joan of Arc contribute to the Hundred Years' War?

She led the French army to victory, boosting French morale.

What happened to Joan of Arc after her capture?

She was tried for witchcraft, burned at the stake, and later declared a saint by the Church.

Why did Pope Boniface VIII clash with King Philip IV of France?

Boniface forbade Philip IV from taxing the clergy without papal consent.

What happened to Pope Boniface VIII after his confrontation with King Philip IV?

Philip IV sent men to seize him, and he was later beaten, leading to his death.

What was the significance of Hugh Capet’s election in 987?

He was elected king of France, marking the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.

How did Hugh Capet strengthen the French monarchy over time?

By gaining support from the Church and passing the throne from father to son.

What was Richard the Lionheart famous for during the Crusades?

Leading the Third Crusade and negotiating with the Muslim leader Saladin.

How did Richard the Lionheart's reign affect the English monarchy?

Despite his fame, he spent much of his reign abroad, leaving his brother John in charge.

What significant event did Saladin lead during the Crusades?

He recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

What was Saladin’s stance on the treatment of Christian pilgrims after his victory?

He allowed Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem freely.

What significant event did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella achieve in 1492?

They completed the Reconquista, expelling the last Muslims from Spain.

How did Ferdinand and Isabella aim to unify Spain?

By enforcing Catholicism and launching the Spanish Inquisition.

How did Queen Isabella contribute to the unity of Spain?

She married Ferdinand and supported the Reconquista and the Inquisition.

What religious policy did Isabella support during her reign?

The enforcement of Catholicism, including the persecution of Jews and Muslims during the Inquisition.

What was Marco Polo famous for?

His travels to China and his accounts of the wealth and cultures he encountered there.

What did Marco Polo bring back to Europe from China?

Stories about the government-run mail service and the use of coal to heat homes.

Who was Harold's rival for the English throne after King Edward's death?

Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror).

What battle did Harold lose to Duke William of Normandy?

The Battle of Hastings in 1066.