Chapter 11 People

1. Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)

1. Question: What battle did Duke William of Normandy win to claim the English throne?

   • Answer: The Battle of Hastings.

2. Question: What year did Duke William become the king of England?

   • Answer: 1066.

2. Henry II of England

1. Question: What legal system did Henry II establish in England?

   • Answer: Common Law.

2. Question: What system did Henry II introduce to ensure fairness in legal proceedings?

   • Answer: The jury system.

3. King John of England

1. Question: What document did King John sign in 1215 to limit royal power?

   • Answer: The Magna Carta.

2. Question: Who forced King John to sign the Magna Carta?

   • Answer: A group of rebellious barons.

4. Philip II of France (Philip Augustus)

1. Question: How did Philip II strengthen the royal government of France?

   • Answer: By paying middle-class officials and organizing a standing army.

2. Question: What land did Philip II gain from England during his reign?

   • Answer: Land in the north and the south of France.

5. Louis IX of France (Saint Louis)

1. Question: What was one of Louis IX’s significant reforms regarding justice?

   • Answer: He expanded the royal courts and outlawed private wars.

2. Question: How was Louis IX viewed after his death?

   • Answer: He was declared a saint by the Church within 30 years of his death.

6. Philip IV of France

1. Question: What conflict did Philip IV have with Pope Boniface VIII?

   • Answer: He wanted to tax the clergy without papal consent, leading to a clash with the Pope.

2. Question: What action did Philip IV take against Pope Boniface VIII?

   • Answer: He sent men to seize the Pope, who was later found beaten and died from his injuries.

7. Duke Otto I of Germany

1. Question: What role did Otto I play in the relationship between the Holy Roman Empire and the Church?

   • Answer: Otto I worked closely with the Church and helped the Pope defeat unruly nobles.

2. Question: In what year was Otto I crowned emperor by the Pope?

   • Answer: 962.

8. Pope Gregory VII

1. Question: What practice did Pope Gregory VII ban that caused conflict with secular rulers?

   • Answer: Lay investiture.

2. Question: How did Pope Gregory VII respond when Emperor Henry IV defied him?

   • Answer: He excommunicated Henry IV.

9. Emperor Henry IV

1. Question: Why did Emperor Henry IV clash with Pope Gregory VII?

   • Answer: He wanted to appoint bishops, while the Pope argued that only the Church had that authority.

2. Question: How did Henry IV resolve his excommunication by Pope Gregory VII?

   • Answer: He apologized, and Gregory forgave him.

10. Frederick Barbarossa (Red Beard)

1. Question: What was Frederick Barbarossa’s goal in terms of empire building?

   • Answer: To create an empire from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea.

2. Question: How did the northern Italian nobles resist Frederick Barbarossa’s ambitions?

   • Answer: They allied with the Pope and successfully resisted his control.

11. Frederick II

1. Question: What region did Frederick II attempt to conquer in his efforts to build his empire?

   • Answer: Northern Italy.

2. Question: Where was Frederick II raised, and how did that influence his leadership?

   • Answer: He was raised in southern Italy, which influenced his militaristic leadership style.

12. Pope Innocent III

1. Question: What significant claim did Pope Innocent III make regarding his power?

   • Answer: He claimed secular power, stating that the Pope stood between God and man.

2. Question: Which major event did Pope Innocent III lead in 1209?

   • Answer: He launched a crusade against the Albigensians in southern France.

13. Joan of Arc

1. Question: How did Joan of Arc contribute to the Hundred Years' War?

   • Answer: She led the French army to victory, boosting French morale.

2. Question: What happened to Joan of Arc after her capture?

   • Answer: She was tried for witchcraft, burned at the stake, and later declared a saint by the Church.

14. Pope Boniface VIII

1. Question: Why did Pope Boniface VIII clash with King Philip IV of France?

   • Answer: Boniface forbade Philip IV from taxing the clergy without papal consent.

2. Question: What happened to Pope Boniface VIII after his confrontation with King Philip IV?

   • Answer: Philip IV sent men to seize him, and he was later beaten, leading to his death.

15. Hugh Capet

1. Question: What was the significance of Hugh Capet’s election in 987?

   • Answer: He was elected king of France, marking the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.

2. Question: How did Hugh Capet strengthen the French monarchy over time?

   • Answer: By gaining support from the Church and passing the throne from father to son.

16. Richard the Lionheart

1. Question: What was Richard the Lionheart famous for during the Crusades?

   • Answer: Leading the Third Crusade and negotiating with the Muslim leader Saladin.

2. Question: How did Richard the Lionheart's reign affect the English monarchy?

   • Answer: Despite his fame, he spent much of his reign abroad, leaving his brother John in charge.

17. Saladin

1. Question: What significant event did Saladin lead during the Crusades?

   • Answer: He recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

2. Question: What was Saladin’s stance on the treatment of Christian pilgrims after his victory?

   • Answer: He allowed Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem freely.

18. King Ferdinand of Spain

1. Question: What significant event did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella achieve in 1492?

   • Answer: They completed the Reconquista, expelling the last Muslims from Spain.

2. Question: How did Ferdinand and Isabella aim to unify Spain?

   • Answer: By enforcing Catholicism and launching the Spanish Inquisition.

19. Queen Isabella of Spain

1. Question: How did Queen Isabella contribute to the unity of Spain?

   • Answer: She married Ferdinand and supported the Reconquista and the Inquisition.

2. Question: What religious policy did Isabella support during her reign?

   • Answer: The enforcement of Catholicism, including the persecution of Jews and Muslims during the Inquisition.

20. Marco Polo

1. Question: What was Marco Polo famous for?

   • Answer: His travels to China and his accounts of the wealth and cultures he encountered there.

2. Question: What did Marco Polo bring back to Europe from China?

   • Answer: Stories about the government-run mail service and the use of coal to heat homes.

Harold (Harold Godwinson)

1. Question: Who was Harold's rival for the English throne after King Edward's death?

   • Answer: Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror).

2. Question: What battle did Harold lose to Duke William of Normandy?

   • Answer: The Battle of Hastings in 1066.