West Civ Test 2

You should know the basic outline of the 30 Years War ..... Northern Lutheran states in Germany vs. the Southern Catholic states ...... you should know who Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was, and the difference he made in the war.

The northern German states were Protestant and the southern were catholic.King Gustavus Adolphus comes into the war to help the protestants and to expand (is subsidized by the French). He is successful

Wallenstein returns

Adolphus dies and the Swedes+defeatism

You should know the basic outcome of the war in religious terms (basically a return to the status quo, but Lutheran states were now permanently guaranteed religious and political independence).

All Catholic states stayed catholic, all Lutheran States stayed Lutheran. Lutheran was here to stay

You should understand that by the end of the war the religious priorities had given way to "power politics"..... France was fighting the Spanish in the war (and France was on the Proestant side!).... The result of this was that France emerged from the war the strongest nation in Europe while Spain began its long decline as a world power.

You should understand what Cardianl Richelieu and Louis XVIII were bringing about in France, and how Cardinal Mazarin continued this process

Louis XVIII was lazy and knew he couldn't run a country, so he named Cardinal Richelieu as chancellor and let him run the country instead. He carried out the king's intention to bring back power to the king. Did this by diving the country into districts. In districts, he assigned an intended to administer the district, they managed the taxes, justice, delivering mails. Doing all of this was taking power away from the nobles.

Cardinal Continued the process of centralization

You should know about the Nobles revolt in France during the early 1650's known as the "Fronde".... How did it affect the young King, Louis XIV??

A series of revolts by French nobles against the authority of Louis XIV, Cardinal Jules Mazarin, and Anne of Austria triggered by objections to high taxes and increasing royal power.

The nobles couldn't agree who to put on the throne

How did Louis XIV work to reduce the power of the nobles and concentrate it in his own hands?

by transforming them into dependent courtiers at the Palace of Versailles. By forcing them to live under his watchful eye. eliminating their independent military, and centralizing control.

Know what Versailles was ... how did Louis XIV use it to increase the power of the central govt.?

The king's palace, by moving the court (nobles) to the palace, it brought power back to the king. The closer to the king, the greater, the Chamberlin was the best position

Know who Jacques Bossuet was, and his book...... what was the central point of his work... that absolute monarchs came to believe was the basis of their power??

Wrote " Politics Drawn from the very Words of Holy Scripture". Said that God creates monarchs, are the agents of God (doing his work) And if that's true, then a monarch is not accountable to any human,only God.

The nobles couldn't persuade monarchs

Know about the reign of James I and his declarations about the divine right of Kings.

strongly asserted the divine right of kings, arguing that monarchs were God's lieutenants on earth, accountable only to God and not subject to earthly authority.

Know about who the "Puritains" were

-Always attacking the church of England

- Thought the church had too much Catholic in it. Being too catholic

16th-17th century English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England of Catholic rituals

Know about Charles I and his tensions with Parliament ............ also understand his "crypto-Catholic" reputation and why this was a problem.

Believed in absolutism. Showed the powers of Parliament. 1st signed doc giving parliament power. Called "Petition of Right" Only parliament could initiate laws. Only Parliament can levy takes.

- 1st said petition didnt count. Ended up closing parliament for a year, Did open until 11 years later

Know about Charles' closing of the Parliament, know about his problems collecting "Ship Money" and what eventually happened when he reopened Parliament in the early 1640's?

Wanted to Modernize the navy. The petition of right can levy taxes we have the right to not pay.

There was a revult in scotland to take up, needed money but no one wanted to pay, decided king needed to reopen parliament

What figure rose during the English Civil War by creating a "New Model Army" with steadfast convictions?

Oliver Cromwell

Understand that the Parliamentarians won the war, and captured the King, and that Cromwell was now the most powerful man in the country because he controlled the Army.

What did Cromwell and the Parliamentary leaders finally decide to do with King Charles I?

King was arrested and put into prison. He created a country were there was no more monarchy. King was found guilty of treason and was killed.

Who were the "Levellers?" and what did they advocate?

Wanted to level society and get rid of classes. Wanted freedom of speech, freedom of the press, universal suffrage. Parliament shot them down.

-Know about Cromwell's decision to close Parliament himself and to turn the country into a military dictatorship (The Protectorate)......a police state

Moved England into a modern dictatorship. Cromwell cancelled Christmas, and said it was too Catholic.

What was the result of the struggle for power after his death? What was the "Restoration

resulted in political chaos and the collapse of the Commonwealth, leading Parliament and General George Monck to restore the monarchy in 1660.

Know about the tragedies of 1665-6 (Plague, Fire).....why did religious people see these as signs of the Apocolypse?

- plague killed 1/3 of pop

-Great Fire- 30-45% of England burned down Puritans said God did it for punishment .

-Charles appointed Catholics to be members in his government. He died before could be done

What was the problem with James II? Why did the Parliament get so intensely worried when he had a son?

it guaranteed a permanent Roman Catholic dynasty in Britain, bypassing his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange.

you should know about Parliament's decision to bring William of Orange into Britain....the Glorious Revolution (bloodless) and the kind of govt. it established for Britain

It was the transfer of power from James II to William and Mary. It was called the glorious or bloodless revolution. It got that name because it involved no bloodshed.

Know what the "Bill of Rights" was

consists of the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on December 15, 1791, to define and protect individual liberties and restrict federal power

You should first understand what the larger movement of the "Enlightenment" means—its principal objectives.

“Age of reason” period of time in which there was a intellectual flourishing /new ideas. turned away from superstition and towards scientific facts

Know what the term "cultural relativism" means

the principle of understanding a person’s beliefs, values, and practices based on their own culture, rather than judging them against the standards of another

Understand Newton's (and most philosophe's) notion of "God the Clockmaker," and how this helped define "Deism."

Said some great cosmic force created the universe and created the laws that operated the universe once the creator created it all, the creator stepped away, so there is no use in praying. The only way we can get close to God is by following laws of living

Be familiar with the ideas of John Locke in Britain (esp. "tabula rasa,")

- gov has to be fair. Gov is accountable to everyone not God.

Blank slate, Said it was the environment that praised you

Montesquieu : Principle aims of enlightment

Wrote "Persian Letter"

- Attached on the Arbitrary Power of the church

-Advocacy of religious toleration

- Denunciation of slavery

-The use of reason to liberate human being from their prejudices ,superstitions, and the servitude

Know the most important contributions of Voltaire, as discussed in class, including the Calas affair.

- Criticed the ways of France Gov. and hated injustices

-Calas Affrair- able to change the opinions of an entire family. Invited family to write about who son killed himself, and dad died from being beaten in jail.

Know about Diderot and the Encyclopedia

was famous for writing the Encyclopedia. Wanted to put all world's knowledge into one book. Gov got rid of books, didnt want peasants getting smarter and become powerful.

Understand the philosophy of Rousseau....you should understand how this contrasts with "Enlightenment rationality," .... Was he part of the Enlightenment or a reaction to it

Rebutted against enlightenment. Wrote an essay, won contest. Essay was against Church and Science, "Man was born free, and is everywhere in chains" we live in man made civ and its ruining us . About how you feel not how you reason.

Understand what the "Salons" were and who their patrons were....why were they so important the era?

Homes of wealthy women, diner parties invited people from all different parts of life, political figures, authors ,singers, intellectuals.

Was the key location for exchange of new ideas in 1700s. Marked the most scholar and interesting life has ever been

You should know about the Triangular Trade which was the principle trade model for the Atlantic world during the 1600's and 1700's......... Raw matls., finished goods, and African slaves.

The Atlantic world was dom by trade. Europeans took sugar,cotton, rum, tobacco, and coffee back to Europe. Euro to pots,pans,guns, alchol, and horses to Africa. slaves to Americas

You should know what the Middle Passage was and about the unspeakable conditions for African slaves.

Slavers designed slave ships to bring them to the Americas. Voyage lasted a 1/2. Disease was prominent. slavers wanted to keep them alive

You should know why the 7 Years War was so important in world history (the first war fought out as a global conflict) .......... What happened to France as a result of that war? What happened to Britain?

Britain and France fought with each other. World's 1st global conflict. The British won the French and Indian War. France lost all the land on N. American continent. Made Britain worlds strongest empire

Know how France was socially organized in the pre-revolutionary regime i.e. the 3 Estates

1st- Clergy-(didnt pay taxes)300

2nd- Nobility (all people with noble titles (didnt pay taxes)300

3rd- Everyone else (90% of the population) 300

Know what crisis brought collapse in France in 1787 and what the French Govt. did about it...i.e. the calling of the Estates General

Conference that had rep from all 3 estates. Tried to figure out how many reps from each estate has.

Know how the distribution of votes to the various "Estates" gave the 3rd Estate a true voice

Decision was made made for third estate to have 600 reps

Know the basic story of the Revolution....Estates General, the Night of August 4 (and the abolition of the Feudal Order), the Great Fear, the Storming of the Bastille, the Women's March to Versailles, Flight to Varennes, August 1792, the Declaration of the Republic, The King's execution, the coming of war, and the Terror

you should know about the Civil Constitution of the Church and how only 50% of France's clergy took the oath to become government employees .......... What happened in Sept. 1792 to those who did NOT take the oath?

Catholic priests and hundreds of other prisoners who refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution were summarily executed by violent mobs.

know about the "September Massacres"

people set up fake courts , beheaded priests who didnt pledge to gov. On Oct. 1792, monarchy was illuminated. Declared France a republic. Put king on trial since he committed treason. Lousi xvI was executed. Austria, Prussia, spain, Netherlands, all declared war on France.

Know about the role of the Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre...the policy of "terror"

-Committee of 12 men saved France. Were able to recruit a massive army of men. Defeated them. Used their power to destroy political opponents.

-Believed he spoke for the people of France. Used absolute power to get rid of opponents. If disagree, convicted of treason.

The Terror-

We must have a policy of terror to get rid of enemies of war. People were known as traders.A group got together to put a stop to Ropsphiere. Broke into court. Rop, was sentenced to death

Know about the cultural reforms including the new calendar and the elimination of Christianity and the new religion.... The "Cult of the Supreme Being"

a deistic civic religion established in France by Maximilien Robespierre on May 7, 1794, during the Reign of Terror

Know what the Directory was and how it was struggling from 1795-1798

A new committee. Ruled from 1795-1799. Wasnt effective. The army was the only thing keeping it together. in 1799, a young officer and others seized the gov

Know the basic bio. Material on Napoleon Bonaparte...birth in Corsica, education, early military success

Born in Corsica, Spoke a lang close to Italian . Went to military school in France. Graduated went straight to army . Was the top of his class

Know about his successes in Italy and about his Egyptian Campaign

Italy-Didnt lose on battlefield. highly discipled. Put French Nation under control. Only way to attack GB is to conquer Egypt

Egypt- Lord Nelson and his Army bomb french ships. How ever NAp helped get them out and continued to rule Egypt.

Know the date when Napoleon took power (1798) and then declared the Empire (1804) - was this really "preserving the principles of the Revolution" as he said?

preserved the French Revolution's principles, particularly equality and meritocracy, while rolling back political liberties.

Know the important tenets of the "Code Napoleon"

- Equality before the law (no more noble privillage"

-Rel. toleration (no more state religion)

-Abolition of Feudalism

- Private property inviolable (protected private property

Understand his economic model of the "Continental System" and its mixed results

Autarky- No exports and imports. Russia was independent , but agreed to be part of continental system. They dropped out but Nap. didnt want that to happen

You should know about the battles of Abukir and Trafalgar and understand their significance

Just off the coast of Spain. The British whipped out the French. Lord Nelson died at battle. Wanted to force Europe to stop trading with GB. Nothing was going to be imported and exported

-You should know about Napoleon's military struggles in the Russian Campaign

There was little food and the Russian winter came early

you should know how a coalition of powers (chiefly Britain, Austria, and Prussia) came together to attack Napoleon after he had returned in a weakened condition from his Russian disaster

Know about his capture and exile to Elba and then the famous "100 Days" as he re-entered and retook France

You should also know about Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815

Napoleon was defeated. He spoke of fighting on, but was forced to abdicate when the Allies entered Paris on 7 July. died in exile

You should know the 4 defining characteristics of the Industrial Revolution that the professor discussed in class

1. Island= didnt have to maintain an army (lower taxes)

2.Empire (a lot of money came back to GB due to sugar cane states.

3. Commercially Minded upperclass

4. Dissenters (people who didnt take the oath to be in the church. Werent allowed to vote, join the military, go to school, tended to flock to business community.

You should have a basic understanding of the chain of events that contributed to Industrial Rev. in England...........the Agricultural Rev., the Enclosure movement, and the great increase in population, and the transition from self-sufficiency to wage labor, which resulted in a huge increase in demand for manufactured consumer goods

enclosure movement- putting fields outsides owner house. Peasants made their own things, but soon need to buy their own things

You should understand how "Domestic Outwork" functioned (as the old system of production in the textile industry) and why it was so inefficient

"Putting-out System", production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes laboured in workshops or in turn put out work to others

Know some of the important technical devices we discussed, spinning jenny, power loom, the steam engine, railroads etc.

Jennies- 15 bobbins of thread to spin

Mules-30

You should certainly understand the many difficulties that the shift to mechanized industry caused people; unemployment, insecurity, loss of control over their work environment, the need to move to squalid urban cities, the terrible working conditions in early factories, and the shift from task-oriented work to time-oriented work.

what was the result of these difficulties for ordinary laborers? What did they do? Know about Luddism.

Operated in North England. If a new factory was acting up, they would break into them and destroy the machines and facility

You should know about the basics of the philosophy of "Political Economy" and its associated individuals (Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo), and concepts .... The "Invisible Hand", principle of population, Iron Law of Wages.

you should know the story of the Irish Potato Famine...what were conditions like in Ireland that set them up for such a tragedy?

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Know about Robert Peel's Govt. and its strategy for the Potato Famine.... What happened when the Liberal Party took charge? What were the results for the Irish people?

the British Prime minister that advocated the repeal of the Corn Laws; he also sent free corn to Ireland without informing his Tory party

imposed a tariff on all foreign grain in England to keep the price of locally grown grain

You should know who Karl Marx was and have a general understanding of his background and his intellectual contributions

a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist whose ideas form the basis of Marxism. He is best known for his critical analysis of capitalism

you should know what "Historical Materialism" is as an approach to the analysis of human history

studying, producing , consuming,and occupational , behaviors in an entire society. Humans always been divided into social categories (class). History is what is made by the struggle of class against class.

What did Marx say determined a person's Class?

is determined by the relationship to the means of production (all the material things it takes to make stuff, trucks, factories, money, capital

You should know the two classes that Marx said had emerged as all-important by 1848 --- Bougeoisie and Proletariat ....... And know how to define them

B- owned the means of production. Created a new competitive system (aka industrial capitalism)

P- labored in production (were the factory workers)

You should know what is meant by the Bourgeoisie constantly "revolutionizing the means of production"

constantly make more production efficient constantly make more stuff for less cost

You should know what is meant by "Overproduciton" and you should understand how Marx said "Imperialism" could alleviate that condition for a temporary period

-Industries make more product than factories/ markets could buy.

-Forceful conquest over people and govern that area

You should know that a violent revolution to overthrow capitalism was the inevitable result of this process that Marx defined

you should know the 5 key conditions I listed in class that described the world the workers would build (Communism) as an alternative to the capitalist system

1. No private property - ownership probate. Property was a problem, everything would be shared

2. Classless Society- Everyone is equal

3.Planned Economy-planned economy by the state

4. No religion

5. no nations

6. no families, the state will raise the children