AP World | Chapter 34 | An Age of Anxiety

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Lost Generation

A term coined by Gertrude Stein to describe disillusioned individuals after World War I.

Pessimism

A general attitude of skepticism about progress, especially after the impacts of World War I.

Decline of the West

A book by Oswald Spengler analyzing the cultural and societal degradation of the Western civilization.

Theory of Special Relativity

Albert Einstein's theory stating that time and space are not absolute but vary according to the observer.

Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg's concept that the position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured precisely at the same time.

Subconscious Mind

Sigmund Freud's concept referring to the part of the mind that is not accessible to conscious thought but influences behavior.

Repression

The psychological process of suppressing unwanted thoughts or desires.

Free Association

A psychoanalytic technique where patients are encouraged to share thoughts as they appear without censorship.

Abstraction in Art

An artistic movement where the emphasis is on the creation of ideas rather than realistic representation.

Les Fauves

An early 20th-century art movement characterized by the use of bold colors and brushwork.

Black Thursday

The day, October 24, 1929, that marked the beginning of the stock market crash.

Purchases on Margin

Buying stocks with borrowed money, which was prevalent before the 1929 crash.

Snowball Effect

A situation where a small initial investment or event grows increasingly larger over time, leading to a significant outcome.

Economic Contraction

A period when the economy shrinks, marked by decreased production and increased unemployment.

World Economic Collapse

The global economic downturn following the Great Depression that severely affected various countries.

Planned Scarcity

U.S. economic strategy during the Great Depression aimed at controlling production to balance supply and demand.

John Maynard Keynes

An economist who advocated for government intervention to stimulate the economy, particularly during recessions.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's policy that allowed for some private enterprise and market mechanisms to stimulate the economy.

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union known for his totalitarian regime and policies, including collectivization and purges.

First Five-Year Plan

Stalin's economic plan aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union.

The Great Purge

A campaign led by Stalin in the late 1930s to eliminate dissenting members of the Communist Party.

Fascism

A political ideology that emphasizes the primacy of the state, strong leadership, and often includes nationalist and militaristic elements.

Benito Mussolini

Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, known for establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy.

Racial State

A state characterized by policies that purportedly enforce racial purity and superiority.

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws in Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of citizenship rights and prohibited intermarriage with non-Jews.

Kristallnacht

A violent anti-Jewish pogrom that took place in Germany on November 9-10, 1938, known as the 'Night of Broken Glass.'