Studied by 51 people
Open Field System
agricultural system present from the Middle Ages to the 1700s, where agricultural fields were open, unobstructed, and communal, where fields were farmed on a 3 year rotation to prevent soil exhaustion
Eliminated fallow
Farmers in the 18th century _____ to increase productivity by deliberately rotating certain crops restoring nutrients to the soil
Enclosure
the movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants, who relied on common fields for farming and pasture
80
At least _____ percent of Europeans worked in agriculture:
Columbian exchange
New crops from the _____ increased food quantity, quality, and diversity
(2nd) Agricultural Revolution
18th century period of the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods
The Netherlands
_____ were leaders in the agricultural revolution due to their population density
Jethro Tull
English agriculturist who tried to develop better farming methods through empirical research, such as using horses rather than oxen for plowing and sowing seed with drilling equipment for even distribution at the proper depth
Selective Breeding
technique which agricultural innovators used to improve livestock
Proletarianization
the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners; ultimately caused by land enclosure
Slow or stagnant
Population growth pre-1700 was:
High
Population growth post-1700 was:
Overall lessened mortality: better infrastructure, better public health, fewer wars, more/better food
Reasons for population growth:
Cottage Industry
a stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market
Putting-Out System
the 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned finished products to the merchant
unrestricted with underemployed labor, poor peasants and landless laborers willing to work for low wages
Advantages of the putting-out system:
Textile Industry
Rural industry most successfully developed in England in the:
Industrious Revolution
the shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods
Guild System
the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers; exclusive in membership
Economic stability
The established guild system was mean to maintain _____ :
Economic Liberalism
a belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument (Wealth of Nations) that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor
Mercantilism
a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth
Navigation Acts
a series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies
War of Austrian Succession
eastern European war fought from 1740 - 1748 over possession of Silesia between Austria’s Maria Theresa and Prussia’s Frederick II over Silesia; English and French intervention
Seven Years’ War
English and French conflict in North America from 1756-1763; decisive victory for England
Treaty of Paris
the treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts
Sugar and coffee
After the Treaty of Paris, French still stood strong in the _____ colonial trades:
Debt Peonage
a form of serfdom used in Spanish colonies that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money
Transatlantic Slave Trade
the forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; trade reached its peak in the 18th century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans
Triangular Trade
trading system developed where African slaves would produce raw materials in the Americas to be manufactured in Europe
Abolished
The British _____ the slave trade in 1807:
Creole
someone of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas
mixed-race
European men often married indigenous women, creating a New World society with _____ peoples of differing social statuses:
India
Britain gained dominance over much of _____ by 1805:
convicted prisoners
Britain settled Australia in the late 18th century by establishing their first colonies made up of:
Note 
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