Final Review

Microbial mats

Multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from the plant

Micronutrient

Calcium

Eukaryotic cells

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus

Lactic acid-producing bacteria

Breaking down lactose for lactose-intolerant individuals

Pseudopeptidoglycan

Characteristic of the walls of bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells

Gram staining

Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell wall

MRSA concern

MRSA could acquire additional antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria to become a “super bug.”

Cyanobacteria

Classified as photoautotrophs

Prokaryotic cells

Bacteria and archaea consist of prokaryotic cells

Antibiotic definition

An antibiotic is any substance produced by an organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes

Halophiles

Organisms that require a salt concentration of at least 0.2 M

Ammonification

Ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

First forms of life

Thought to be prokaryotes

Alternation of generations

Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular

Conjugation in Paramecia

Produces 8 total daughter cells

Monocercomonoides

Eukaryote

Mixotrophs

Protists with the capabilities to perform photosynthesis and to absorb nutrients from dead organisms

Protists with a pellicle

Surrounded by proteins

Parasitic protist evading immune system

Plasmodium, malaria

Protist group with mitochondrial remnants

Parabasalids

Function of raphe in diatoms

Locomotion

Protists contributing to the food web

They occupy the apex producer niche

Plant with segmented stem and slender leaves

Horsetail

Structures not found in bryophytes

Root

Mosses returning nitrogen to the soil

Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen

Common life-cycle stage in drought

Sporophyte

Structures containing sporangia in fern leaves

Sori

Traits allowing plants to grow in height

Tracheids / xylem

Production of megaphylls

Homology

Haplontic plant population maintaining genetic diversity

Gametes are created through meiosis

Chara genome sequencing

The Chara genome is more similar to the tomato plant genome than the red algae genome

Chromosome complement in a moss protonema

1n

Stomata appearing in plants

Liverworts

Mosses growing well in the Arctic tundra

They do not require moisture

Dominant organism in fern

Sporophyte

Mosses contributing to returning nitrogen to the soil

Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen

Characteristic present in land plants and not in Charales

Alternation of generations

Microphylls characteristic of

Club mosses

Haplontic plant population maintaining genetic diversity

The zygote undergoes meiosis to generate a haploid sporophyte

Charales surviving a dry spell

Sporopollenin

Renewable source of energy

Sphagnum moss

Seed plants

All heterosporous

Plants as a source of

All of the listed

Geological period with gymnosperms dominating

Permian

Traits characterizing gymnosperms

The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves

Megasporocytes producing

Female gametophytes

Corn characteristics

A monocot

Structure not directly involved in reproduction in a flower

The sepal

Double fertilization

The second sperm fuses with the polar nuclei of the center cell

Structure widening the geographic range of a species

Seed

Pollen grains developing in

The anther

Ploidy of structures

2n, 1n, 2n, 1n

Cnidocytes found in

Phylum Porifera

Ostium

The large central opening in the parazoan body.

Cnidocytes

Specialized cells found in phylum Cnidaria.

Rhynchocoel

A fluid-filled cavity in certain organisms.

Cubozoans

Organisms that are medusoids.

Pentaradial symmetry

Symmetry characteristic of echinoderms.

Cambrian period

The earliest period during which animals may have appeared.

Protostomic coelomate

An example of a not possible animal classification.

Gastrula stage

A stage during embryonic development where unique cell layers form.

Hox gene mutation

Likely to result in abnormal body features.

Diploblast

A jellyfish is an example of this type of organism.

Mesohyl

Contains a collagen-like gel and suspended cells in certain organisms.

Chordata

The sister taxon of the Arthropoda.

Nematode cuticle

Contains chitin.

Trematodes

A group of flatworms that are primarily ectoparasites of fish.

Mesohyl

Contains a collagen-like gel and suspended cells for various functions.

Archosaurs

The reptile group that gave rise to modern birds.

Eccrine glands

Produce sweat.

Chondrichthyes

Differ from Osteichthyes by having a cartilaginous skeleton.

Estivation

The condition of lowering metabolic rate during hot days.

Radial symmetry

Allows animals to gather food from all sides.

Acclimatization

Does not get passed on to offspring of acclimated individuals.

Bone

Connective tissue with a mineralized matrix.