Final Review
Microbial mats __________.
are the earliest forms of life on Earth
obtained their energy and food from hydrothermal vents
all of the listed
are multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea
Which of these occurs through symbiotic nitrogen fixation?
The soil benefits from being naturally fertilized.
All of the listed occur.
The plant benefits from using an endless source of nitrogen.
Bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from the plant.
Which of the following elements is not a micronutrient?
manganese
calcium
chromium
boron
The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________.
prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
viruses
all cells
In addition to providing yogurt with its unique flavor and texture, lactic acid-producing bacteria also provide which additional benefit during food production?
Pasteurizing milk products
Providing xenobiotics
Lowering the pH to kill pathogenic bacteria
Breaking down lactose for lactose-intolerant individuals
Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the walls of ________.
eukaryotic cells
archaean prokaryotic cells
bacterial prokaryotic cells
bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell _______.
chromosome
nucleus
wall
cytoplasm
MRSA has emerged as a serious infectious disease, with the first case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus being detected in 1961. Why are medical professionals so concerned when antibiotics exist that can kill MRSA?
MRSA can transfer methicillin-resistance to other bacteria.
All of the listed.
MRSA could acquire additional antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria to become a “super bug.”
Patients are not treated with correct antibiotics rapidly enough to prevent serious illness.
Cyanobacteria harness energy from the sun through photosynthesis, and oxidize water to provide electrons for energy generation. Thus, we classify cyanobacteria as _________.
photolithotrophs
photoautotrophs
chemolithoautotrophs
chemo-organotrophs
Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells?
archaea and fungi
protists and animals
bacteria and fungi
bacteria and archaea
Which of these statements is true?
An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that prevents growth of the same prokaryote.
An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of eukaryotic cells.
An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of other viruses.
An antibiotic is any substance produced by a organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes.
Halophiles are organisms that require________.
high sugar concentration
the addition of halogens
a salt concentration of at least 0.2 M
all of the listed
Ammonification is the process by which _____.
gaseous nitrogen is fixed to yield ammonia
ammonium is converted to nitrite and nitrate in soils
nitrate from soil is transformed to gaseous nitrogen compounds such as NO, N2O, and N2
ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be_________.
insects
prokaryotes
large animals such as dinosaurs
single-celled plants
Alternation of generations describes which of the following?
Neither the haploid nor the diploid forms can be multicellular.
The haploid form can be multicellular; the diploid form is unicellular.
The haploid form is unicellular.
Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular.
Conjugation between two Paramecia produces ________ total daughter cells.
4
2
8
16
In 2016, scientists published the genome of Monocercomonoides, and demonstrated that this organism has no detectable mitochondrial genes. However, its genome was arranged in linear chromosomes wrapped around histones which are contained within the nucleus. Monocercomonoides is therefore a(n) _________.
Archea
Eukaryote
Endosymbiont
Bacteria
Protists with the capabilities to perform photosynthesis and to absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called ______________.
photoautotrophs
heterotrophs
mixotrophs
saprobes
Protists that have a pellicle are surrounded by ______________.
proteins
calcium carbonate
carbohydrates
silica dioxide
Protists with the capabilities to perform photosynthesis and to absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called ______________.
photoautotrophs
heterotrophs
mixotrophs
saprobes
Which parasitic protist evades the host immune system by altering its surface proteins with each generation?
Trypanosoma, sleeping sickness
Paramecium, free living
Plasmodium, malaria
Phytophthora, potato blight
Which protist group exhibits mitochondrial remnants with reduced functionality?
parabasalids
diatoms
slime molds
dinoflagellates
What is the function of the raphe in diatoms?
defense
capturing food
photosynthesis
locomotion
In 2016, scientists published the genome of Monocercomonoides, and demonstrated that this organism has no detectable mitochondrial genes. However, its genome was arranged in linear chromosomes wrapped around histones which are contained within the nucleus. Monocercomonoides is therefore a(n) _________.
Archea
Bacteria
Endosymbiont
Eukaryote
A marine biologist analyzing water samples notices a protist with a calcium carbonate shell that moves by pseudopodia extension. The protist is likely to be closely related to which species?
Group of answer choices
Fuligo septica (Dog Vomit slime mold)
Euglena viridis
Circogonia icosahedra (Radiolarian)
Ammonia tepida
Which of the following is not a way that protists contribute to the food web?
They occupy the apex producer niche.
They enter symbiotic relationships with animals.
They recycle nutrients back into the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
They fix carbon into organic molecules.
A plant in the understory of a forest displays a segmented stem and slender leaves arranged in a whorl. It is probably a ________.
horsetail
whisk fern
fern
club moss
Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes?
chloroplast
root
sporangium
a cellulose cell wall
How do mosses contribute to returning nitrogen to the soil?
Mosses decompose rocks and release nitrogen.
Mosses fix nitrogen from the air.
Mosses die and return nitrogen to the soil.
Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen.
A botanist travels to an area that has experienced a long, severe drought. While examining the bryophytes in the area, he notices that many are in the same life-cycle stage. Which life-cycle stage should be the most common?
archegonium
zygote
gametophyte
sporophyte
The following structures are found on the underside of fern leaves and contain sporangia:
rhizomes
sori
megaphylls
microphylls
Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height?
alternation of generations
waxy cuticle
tracheids / xylem
The production of megaphylls by many different species of plants is an example of _____.
parallel evolution
analogy
homology
divergent evolution
How does a haplontic plant population maintain genetic diversity?
Diploid spores undergo independent assortment during mitosis.
Zygotes are produced by random fusion.
The zygote undergoes meiosis to generate a haploid sporophyte.
Gametes are created through meiosis.
A scientist sequences the genome of Chara, red algae, and a tomato plant. What result would support the conclusion that Charophytes should be included in the Plantae kingdom?
The Chara genome is more similar to the tomato plant genome than the red algae genome.
The Chara genome is more similar to the red algae than the tomato plant.
All three genomes are distinctly different.
The tomato plant genome is distinct from the red algae genome.
The chromosome complement in a moss protonema is:
1n
varies with the size of the protonema
2n
3n
Stomata appear in which group of plants?
Charales
liverworts
mosses
hornworts
Why do mosses grow well in the Arctic tundra?
There are no herbivores in the tundra.
They grow better at cold temperatures.
They do not have true roots and can grow on hard surfaces.
They do not require moisture.
The dominant organism in fern is the ________.
sperm
sporophyte
spore
gamete
How do mosses contribute to returning nitrogen to the soil?
Mosses fix nitrogen from the air.
Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen.
Mosses die and return nitrogen to the soil.
Mosses decompose rocks and release nitrogen.
Which one of these characteristics is present in land plants and not in Charales?
plasmodesmata
flagellated sperm
alternation of generations
phragmoplasts
Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants?
ferns
club mosses
mosses
liverworts
How does a haplontic plant population maintain genetic diversity?
Gametes are created through meiosis.
Diploid spores undergo independent assortment during mitosis.
Zygotes are produced by random fusion.
The zygote undergoes meiosis to generate a haploid sporophyte.
What characteristic of Charales would enable them to survive a dry spell?
sperm with flagella
phragmoplasts
chlorophyll a
sporopollenin
What seedless plant is a renewable source of energy?
club moss
sphagnum moss
horsetail
fern
Seed plants are ________.
mostly homosporous with some heterosporous
mostly heterosporous with some homosporous
all heterosporous
all homosporous
Plants are a source of ________.
food
all of the listed
fuel
medicine
In which of the following geological periods would gymnosperms dominate the landscape?
Eocene (present)
Permian
Triassic
Carboniferous
Which of the following traits characterizes gymnosperms?
The gametophyte is the longest phase of the life cycle.
Reproductive structures are located in a flower.
After fertilization, the ovary thickens and forms a fruit.
The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves.
Megasporocytes will eventually produce which of the following?
female gametophytes
male gametophytes
sporophytes
pollen grain
Seed plants are ________.
mostly heterosporous with some homosporous
all heterosporous
all homosporous
mostly homosporous with some heterosporous
Corn develops from a seedling with a single cotyledon, displays parallel veins on its leaves, and produces monosulcate pollen. It is most likely:
a monocot
a gymnosperm
a eudicot
a basal angiosperm
Which of the following structures in a flower is not directly involved in reproduction?
the sepal
the stamen
the anther
In the course of double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg and the second one fuses with ________.
the egg as well
the polar nuclei of the center cell
the synergids
the antipodal cells
Which of the following structures widens the geographic range of a species and is an agent of dispersal?
root
flower
seed
leaf
Pollen grains develop in which structure?
the filament
the anther
the stigma
the carpel
What is the ploidy of the following structures: gametophyte, seed embryo, spore, sporophyte?
2n, 1n, 2n, 1n
1n, 2n, 1n, 2n
1n, 1n, 2n, 2n
2n, 2n, 1n, 1n
Cnidocytes are found in _____.
phylum Porifera
phylum Nematoda
phylum Nemertea
phylum Cnidaria
The large central opening in the parazoan body is called the:
ostia.
spicule.
gemmule.
osculum.
Cnidocytes are found in _____.
phylum Nemertea
phylum Porifera
phylum Cnidaria
phylum Nematoda
The rhynchocoel is a ________.
circulatory system
fluid-filled cavity
proboscis
primitive excretory system
Cubozoans are ________.
polymorphs
polyps
sponges
medusoids
The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is _____.
water
saline
mesohyl
blood
Echinoderms have _____.
triangular symmetry
hexagonal symmetry
pentaradial symmetry
radial symmetry
Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor?
fungal cells
protist cells
plant cells
bacterial cells
Which of the following periods is the earliest during which animals may have appeared?
Ediacaran period
Cryogenian period
Ordovician period
Cambrian period
Which of the following is not possible?
diploblastic eucoelomate
bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome
protostomic coelomate
radially symmetrical diploblast
Consulting the modern phylogenetic tree of animals, which of the following would not constitute a clade?
Parazoa
lophotrochozoans
Bilateria
deuterostomes
During embryonic development, unique cell layers develop into specific groups of tissues or organs during a stage called ________.
the organogenesis stage
the blastula stage
the gastrula stage
the germ layer stage
Which of the following phenotypes would most likely be the result of a Hox gene mutation?
abnormal body length or height
the contraction of a genetic illness
two different eye colors
two fewer appendages than normal
An animal whose development is marked by radial cleavage and enterocoely is ________.
a deuterostome
either an acoelomate or eucoelomate
an annelid or mollusk
none of the listed
What type of data is primarily used to determine the existence and appearance of early animal species?
molecular data
fossil data
morphological data
embryological development data
Approximately how many mass extinction events occurred throughout the evolutionary history of animals?
none
5
3
4
Which of the following organisms is most likely to be a diploblast?
shrimp
insect
jellyfish
Which of the following is not possible?
bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome
radially symmetrical diploblast
protostomic coelomate
diploblastic eucoelomate
The time between 542–488 million years ago marks which period?
Ediacaran period
Devonian period
Silurian period
Cambrian period
As with the emergence of the Acoelomorpha phylum, it is common for ____ data to misplace animals in close relation to other species, whereas ____ data often reveals a different and more accurate evolutionary relationship.
molecular : morphological
fossil record : morphological
molecular : fossil record
morphological : molecular
The nematode cuticle contains _____.
nerve cells
glucose
skin cells
chitin
Flies are_______.
chelicerates
hexapods
arachnids
crustaceans
Which group of flatworms are primarily ectoparasites of fish?
monogeneans
cestodes
turbellarians
trematodes
Mesohyl contains:
multiple pores.
a polysaccharide gel and dead cells.
spicules composed of silica or calcium carbonate.
a collagen-like gel and suspended cells for various functions.
The sister taxon of the Chordata is the _____.
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Ambulacraria
Rotifera
The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is _____.
water
saline
mesohyl
blood
Crustaceans are _____.
parazoans
nematodes
arachnids
ecdysozoans
Which of the following reptile groups gave rise to modern birds?
Lepidosaurs
Pterosaurs
Anapsids
Archosaurs
Eccrine glands produce ________.
scents
lipids
sweat
milk
Members of Chondrichthyes differ from members of Osteichthyes by having (a) ________.
cartilaginous skeleton
bony skeleton
two sets of paired fins
jaw
Which of the following is not true of Acanthostega?
It had four limbs.
It laid shelled eggs.
It had gills.
It was aquatic.
Which group of invertebrates is most closely related to vertebrates?
echinoderms
urochordates
arthropods
cephalochordates
What term describes the condition of a desert mouse that lowers its metabolic rate and “sleeps” during the hot day?
hibernation
normal sleep pattern
turgid
estivation
Which type of epithelial cell is found in glands?
squamous
columnar
cuboidal
transitional
Although most animals are bilaterally symmetrical, a few exhibit radial symmetry. What is an advantage of radial symmetry?
It lets an animal use its dorsal surface to sense its environment.
It confuses predators.
It allows the animal to undergo rapid, purposeful movement in any direction.
It allows the animal to gather food from all sides.
Which of the following is not true about acclimatization?
Acclimatization occurs when an animal tries to reestablish a homeostatic set point.
Acclimatization is passed on to offspring of acclimated individuals.
Acclimatization improves function in a new environment.
Acclimatization allows animals to compensate for changes in their environment.
Which type of connective tissue has a mineralized different matrix?
fibrous connective tissue
loose connective tissue
cartilage
Bone