Biochem exam ch 9-10

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113 Terms

1
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What are the 10 reactions of glycolysis

  1. Glucose —hexokinase(ATP)—> Glucose-6-P

  2. Glucose-6-P —phosphoglucoisomerase—> Fructose-6-P

  3. Fructose-6-P —phosphofructokinase-1(ATP)—> Fructose-1,6-BP

  4. Fructose-1,6-BP —Aldolase—> Dihydroxyacetone-P

  5. Dihydroxyacetone-P —Triose phosphate isomerase—> Enediol intermediate

  6. Glyceraldehyde-3-P —Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase(NAD+ → NADH)—> 1,3-BPG

  7. 1,3-BPG —Phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP released)—> 3-phosphoglycerate

  8. 3-phosphoglycerate —phosphoglycerate mutase—> 2-phosphoglycerate

  9. 2-phosphoglycerate —Enolase (water released)—> phosphoenolpyruvate

  10. phosphoenolpyruvate —Pyruvate kinase (ATP released)—> pyruvate

2
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what is the rate limiting step in glycolysis

reaction #3 (phosphofructokinase-1)

3
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Rxn #1 in glycolysis (Hexokinase) is what kind of reaction

phosphorylation reaction

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Rxn #1 in glycolysis (Hexokinase) utilizes what energy source

ATP

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Rxn #1 in glycolysis (Hexokinase) requires what for the reaction to proceed

Mg2+

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Rxn #2 in glycolysis (phosphoglucoisomerase) is what type of reaction

isomerization

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Rxn #3 in glycolysis (Phosphofructokinase-1) is what type of reaction

phosphorylation

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Rxn #3 in glycolysis (Phosphofructokinase-1) utilizes what energy source

ATP

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Rxn #4 in glycolysis (Aldolase) is what type of reaction

Cleavage

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From an Aldolase reaction (#4 of glycolysis) there are two products, what are they and what are they each used for

Glyceraldehyde-3-P is the main thing that goes on in the glycolysis cycle (can also form an intermediate used in side reactions)

Dihydroxyacetone-P is not used any further in glycolysis but can form an intermediate for side reactions

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Rxn #5 in glycolysis (Triose Phosphate Isomerase) is what type of reaction

Isomerization

12
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What 2 groups of reactions are in glycolysis and what are they

Divided into ATP investment and ATP generation

ATP investment are steps 1-5

ATP generation are steps 6-10

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Rxn #6 in glycolysis (Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase) is what type of reaction

phosphoryl group transfer

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Rxn #6 in glycolysis (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) produces what

NAD+ → NADH and H+

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Rxn #7 in glycolysis (Phosphoglycerate Kinase) is what type of reaction

Substrate-level phosphorylation

16
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Rxn #7 in glycolysis (Phosphoglycerate Kinase) produces what

2x ATP

17
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What is the side reaction in RBC that can occur during and result in rxn #7 in glycolysis

1,3-BPG —BPG mutase—> 2,3-BPG

2,3-BPG —2,3-BPG phosphatase (inorganic phosphate leaves)—>3-phosphoglycerate

18
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What is the purpose of the side rxn in RBC instead of glycolysis rxn #7

The side rxn puts hemoglobin in the T-state to maximize O2 release from hemoglobin

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Rxn #8 in glycolysis (Phosphoglycerate Mutase) is what type of reaction

Phosphoryl shift

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Rxn #9 in glycolysis (Enolase) is what type of reaction

Dehydration

21
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What is the highest energy molecule in glycolysis

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

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Rxn #10 in glycolysis (Pyruvate Kinase) is what type of reaction

Substrate-level phosphorylation

23
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Rxn #10 in glycolysis (Pyruvate Kinase) produces what

2x ATP

24
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When Sucrose is the starting material, how does it get converted to aid in glycolysis

  1. Sucrose is changed to Fructose by Sucrase enzyme

  2. Fructose can either

    • utilize ATP and Hexokinase (in muscle) to create Fructose-6-P to continue in the glycolysis cycle

    • utilize ATP and Fructokinase (in liver) to create Fructose-1-P.

      • Fructose-1-P can utilize Fructose-1-P aldolase (aldolase B) to form Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyaceton-P which can be converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-P to continue in the glycolysis cycle

25
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Which mechanism is preferred for Fructose to aid in glycolysis

Prefers utilizing ATP and Fructokinase to form Fructose-1-P which then utilizes Fructose-1-P aldolase (aldolase B) to form Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone-P which can be converted to Glyceraldehyde-6-P to continue in glycolysis

Fructose utilizing ATP and hexokinase to form Fructose-6-P is not preferred

26
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When Lactose is the starting material, how is it converted to aid in glycolysis

Lactose is either:

  • Converted to glucose to continue through glycolysis

  • converted to Galactose through lactase then Galactose utilizes ATP and Galactokinase to yield Galactose-1-P which is converted to Glucose-1-P by UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose before being converted from Glucose-1-P to Glucose-6-P to continue through glycolysis

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When Maltose is the starting material, how does it aid in glycolysis

Maltose is converted to Glucose utilizing Maltase and Glucose starts glycolysis

28
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When triglycerides are the starting material, how is this converted to aid in glycolysis

Triglycerides can either:

  • Be converted to Acetyl-CoA by Lipase 1, 2, or 3 converting them to fatty acids to undergo fatty acid oxidation yielding Acetyl-CoA

  • Triglycerides can be converted to Glycerol by Lipase 1, 2, and 3. The Glycerol can utilize ATP and Glycerol kinase to yield Glycerol-3-P which can be converted to dihydroxyacetone-P by FAD and Glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase

29
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What are the four steps of Galactose metabolism

  1. Galactose —Galactokinase(ATP)—> Galactose-1-P

  2. Galactose-1-P —Galactose-1-P uridylyltransferase and UDP-glucose—> Glucose-1-P and UDP-galactose

  3. Glucose-1-P —Phosphoglucomutase—> Glucose-6-P (continues to the glycolytic pathway)

  4. UDP-galactose —UDP-galactose 4-epimerase—> UDP-glucose

30
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How is glycogen formed as a glycolytic intermediate (anabolic pathway)

Glucose is converted to Glucose-1-P and then to Glycogen

31
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How are nucleotides formed as a glycolytic intermediate (anabolic pathway)

Glucose is converted to Pentose phosphates which can be converted to nucleotides

32
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How are Glycolipids and Glycoproteins formed as a glycolytic intermediate (anabolic pathway)

Fructose-6-P is converted to amino sugars which can be broken down into glycolipids and glycoproteins

33
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How does glucose promote the Pentose phosphate pathway

Glucose is converted to pentose phosphates, which utilize NADP+ → NADPH to activate the Pentose phosphate pathway

34
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How does 1,3-BPG play a role in oxygen transport regulation

1,3-BPG can be converted to 2,3-BPG which regulates oxygen transport

35
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How can Pyruvate be converted to Asparagine and Pyrimidines

Pyruvate can be converted to aspartate which can be broken down to Asparagine and pyrimidines

36
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What type of metabolism happens in Aerobic conditions

ATP production (citrate cycle and electron transport chain)

37
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What type of metabolism happens in Anaerobic conditions

production of lactate

ethanol production

38
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Under what conditions does glycolysis happen

Anaerobic conditions

39
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Under what conditions does fermentation happen

Anaerobic

40
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Under what conditions is Pyruvate turned to Lactate via lactate dehydrogenase

Anaerobic

41
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Under what conditions does electron transport happen

Aerobic metabolism

42
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Under what conditions does oxidative phosphorylation happen

Aerobic metabolism

43
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Under what conditions does the citrate cycle happen

Aerobic metabolism

44
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Where is NAD+ regenerated

in the cytoplasm

45
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What is required in order to maintain flux through GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase)

NAD+

46
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A lactate dehydrogenase deficiency which enzyme is inadequate and what levels are inadequate

Lactate dehydrogenase is not functional and NAD+ are inadequate

47
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The more sugar alcohol is, what happens to the ETOH concentration

more sugar has greater ETOH content

48
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What is the primary function of the citrate cycle

To oxidize acetyl CoA

49
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What are the end results of the citrate cycle

Transfer of eight electrons

Generates 3x NADH

Generates 1x FADH2

Generates 1x GTP

50
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what group do the reactions in the citrate cycle fall into

redox reactions

51
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How many ATP’s correlate to 1 GTP and how

1 GTP = 1 ATP through work

52
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How many ATP’s does 1 FADH2 yield and how

~1.5 ATP = 1 FADH2 and 2 electrons through electron transport system and ATP synthase

53
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How many ATP’s does 1 NADH yield and how

1 NADH and 2 electrons = ~2.5 ATP

Citrate cycle yields 3 NADH and 6 electrons = ~7.5 ATP

54
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What are the three enzymes involved with pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase component

Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

55
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What do Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase and Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase do generally

Aid in regeneration of coenzymes

56
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What are the five coenzymes involved in pyruvate dehydrogenase

NAD+

FAD

CoA

TPP (Thiamine pyrophosphate)

Alpha-lipoic acid

57
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Where is CoA derived from

Vitamin B5

58
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How is Coenzyme A turned into Acetyl coenzyme A

Acetyl-dihydrolipoamide and Pyruvate dehydrogenase switches the reactive thiol group to an acetyl group and dihydrolipoamide is released

59
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where is TPP (Thiamine pyrophosphate) derived from

Vitamin B1

60
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TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) and ATP are required for what

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

61
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What does alpha-lipoic acid provide that participates in redox reactions

provides a reactive disulfide that participates in redox reactions

62
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What does pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyze the conversion of

pyruvate to acetyl coA

63
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes a reaction that transitions from what to what

Transition from glycolysis to the citrate cycle

64
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase is regulated by what

phosphorylation, NADH, ATP, and acetyl-CoA levels

65
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The active form of PDH can be inactivated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase what stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

NADH, acetyl-CoA, and ATP

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The active form of PDH can be inactivated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, what inactivates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

NAD+, CoA, ADP, and Ca2+

67
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The inactive form of PDH can be activated by pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase-1, what activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

Ca2+

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What does pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase require to inactivate active PDH

ATP

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What does pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase-1 need to activate inactive PDH

H20

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what energy state are you in when ongoing the citric acid cycle or glycolysis

Low energy state (you need to generate ATP)

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What irreversibly blocks catalytic activity of lipoamine-containing enzymes

Arsenic

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What type of environment is the citrate cycle in

Aerobic pathway

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What do standard reduction potentials indicate

spontaneity

Positive is spontaneous (opposite of G)

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Reductant

better at being oxidized, reducing agent

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Oxidant

better at being reduced, oxidizing agent

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What are the 8 reactions in the citrate cycle

  1. Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA —citrate synthase (H20→CoA)—> citrate

  2. Citrate —Aconitase(H2O leaves)—> cis-Aconitate —Aconitase(+H2O)—> isocitrate

  3. Isocitrate —Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+ → NADH + H+) or (NADP+ → NADPH + H+)—> Oxalosuccinate —isocitrate dehydrogenase (CO2 leaves and H+ enters)—> Alpha-Ketoglutarate

  4. Alpha-Ketoglutarate —Alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (E1: TPP→CO2, E2: CoA in and enzyme Lipoamide needed, E3: NAD+ → NADH + H+ and FAD needed)—> Succinyl-CoA

  5. Succinyl-CoA —(Pi→CoA)—(GDP→GTP)—> Succinate

  6. Succinate —succinate dehydrogenase—(FAD→FADH2)—> Fumarate

  7. Fumarate —Fumerase—(OH- in)—> Carbanion intermediate —Fumarase—(H+ in)—> Malate

  8. Malate —Malate dehydrogenase—(NAD+→NADH + H+)—> Oxaloacetate

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Rxn #1 of citrate cycle (Citrate synthase) is what type of reaction

condensation

78
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Rxn #1 of citrate cycle (citrate synthase) is it favorable

yes

79
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Rxn #2 in the citrate cycle (aconitase) can be categorized as what types of reaction

Isomerization of citrate

and

Dehydration-hydration

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What type of enzyme is aconitase (rxn #2 of citrate cycle)

Fe-S cluster enzyme

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Rxn #3 in the citrate cycle (isocitrate dehydrogenase) is what type of reaction

Oxidative decarboxylation

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Rxn #3 of citrate cycle (Isocitrate dehydrogenase) produces what

NADH

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Rxn #4 in the citrate cycle (Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) is what type of reaction

Oxidative decarboxylation

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What makes up alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

multiple subunits

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Rxn #4 in the citrate cycle (Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) produces what

NADH

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Rxn #5 in the citrate cycle (Succinyl-CoA synthetase) is what type of reaction

substrate level phosphorylation

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Rxn #5 in the citrate cycle (Succinyl-CoA synthetase) produces what

GTP

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Rxn #6 in the citrate cycle (Succinate dehydrogenase) is what type of reaction

redox reaction

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Rxn #6 in the citrate cycle (succinate dehydrogenase) produces what

FADH2

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Rxn #7 in the citrate cycle (Fumarase) is what type of reaction

hydration

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Rxn #7 in the citrate cycle (Fumerase) is what

stereospecific (L-isomer)

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Rxn #8 in the citrate cycle (Malate dehydrogenase) is what type of reaction

Oxidation

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Rxn #8 in the citrate cycle (Malate dehydrogenase) generates what

NADH

94
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Which reaction in the citrate cycle favors the reverse rxn instead of the forward

Rxn #8 in the citrate cycle (malate dehydrogenase)

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What are the three main regulatory enzymes of the citrate cycle

Citrate synthase (rxn #1)

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (rxn #3)

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (rxn #4)

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A key control point of the citrate cycle is pyruvate, what two reactions can pyruvate initiate

Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA with pyruvate dehydrogenase (CO2 released)

Pyruvate to oxaloacetate with pyruvate carboxylase (ATP + HCO3- to ADP)

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A key control point of the citrate cycle is Acetyl-CoA, what reaction does this initiate

Acetyl-CoA to citrate with citrate synthase

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A key control point of the citrate cycle is Isocitrate, what reaction does this initiate

Isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate with isocitrate dehydrogenase

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A key control point of the citrate cycle is alpha-ketoglutarate, what reaction does this initiate

Alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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What activates pyruvate dehydrogenase

NAD+, CoA, ADP, Ca2+