Behavioral Ecology

Environmental indifference

________- performed the same way by all members of a species.

Kinesis

________: random movement in response to a stimulus; non directional.

Proximate cause

________: how a behavior occurs or how it is modified.

Chemotaxis

________: movement in response to chemical signals.

Migration

________: a regular, long- distance change in location.

Geotaxis

________: movement in response to gravity.

Phototaxis

________: movement in response to light.

Pheromones

________: chemicals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species (eg.

Taxis

________: directional movement towards (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus.

Auditory signals

________: screech of blue jay or song of warbler.

environmental influence

Learned behaviors: depend on ________.

modification of behavior

Learning: the ________ based on specific experiences.

Ultimate cause

________: why a behavior occurs (in context of natural selection)

cognitive map

Some animals form a(n) ________ or use landmarks as environmental cues.

Spatial learning

________: establishing memories based upon the spatial structure of the animals surroundings.

Behavioral ecology

________: the study of how behaviors arise due to ecology and evolution.

Behavior

________: an animals response to a stimulus (internal or external)

Innate behaviors

________ are inherited.

Pheromones

________: chemicals emitted by members of a species that can affect other members of the same species.

Behavioral ecology

the study of how behaviors arise due to ecology and evolution

Behavior

an animals response to a stimulus (internal or external)

Proximate cause

how a behavior occurs or how it is modified

Ultimate cause

why a behavior occurs (in context of natural selection)

Innate behaviors

developmentally fixed

Learned behaviors

depend on environmental influence

Fixed action patterns (FAPs)

a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a stimulus

Example

stickleback fish

Environmental indifference

performed the same way by all members of a species

Migration

a regular, long-distance change in location

Signal

a stimulus generated and transmitted from one animal to another; animal communication

Examples

visual, auditory, tactile, electrical, chemical

Pheromones

chemicals emitted by members of a species that can affect other members of the same species

Stimulus response chains

when a response to a stimulus serves as the next stimulus for a behavior

Example

waggle dance in bees

Pheromones

chemicals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species (eg

Visual signals

eg

Tactile (touch)

eg

Auditory signals

screech of blue jay or song of warbler

Directed movements

movements towards or away from a stimulus

Kinesis

random movement in response to a stimulus; non directional

Taxis

directional movement towards (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus

Phototaxis

movement in response to light

Chemotaxis

movement in response to chemical signals

Geotaxis

movement in response to gravity

Learning

the modification of behavior based on specific experiences

Imprinting

a long-lasting behavioral response to an individual

Example

ducks following their mother

Spatial learning

establishing memories based upon the spatial structure of the animals surroundings

Example

birds finding their hidden nests

Associative learning

the ability to associate one environmental feature with another

Example

associating monarch butterflies with a foul taste

Social learning

learning through observations and imitations of the observed behaviors

Example

chimps breaking open oil palm nuts