Anth 262 Midterm Review

New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) Location

Central and South America

Differences Between Catarrhines and Platyrrhines

• dental formula

  • platyrrhines 2 1 3 3

  • catarrhines 2 1 2 3

• nosil orientation

  • platyrrhines - circular, far apart, out and down, dot-like

  • catarrhines - close together, angular

• platyrrhines are all arboreal with some prehensile tails

• catarrhines are some arboreal, some terrestrial, NO prehensile tails

Callitrichidae (family)

Ceboidea (superfamily)

Platyrrhines

• marmosets (Callithrix)

  • buddy-head

  • tassel-eared

  • pygmy (Cebuella)

• tamarin (Seguinus + Leontopithicus)

  • golden lion (Leon. rosalie)

  • golden-headed lion

  • black lion

• Goeldi’s monkey (Callimico)

Callitrichid Ecology

• arboreal

• diurnal

• gumivores + sap; insects + small fruits

• largely gumivores

  • except Goeldi’s monkeys

• specializes on gum and sap

How are Callitrichids different from other Platyrrhines?

• all <2lbs

• only 2 molars 2 1 3 2

• claw-like nails on some digits

• claw-climbing and clinging

• high rate of twins

  • marmosets

    • tusk-like incisors

    • to get bark to gain access to gum and sap

  • tamarins

    • toothvomb

    • canines not part of the comb

    • used to get at back to get sap and gum

Callitrichidae Social and Mating Systems

• small “family groups”

• polyandry (one female multi-male), monogamy

• reproductive suppression

  • pheromones

  • aggression

    • dominant female doesn’t let other females reproduce

  • cooperative breeding

    • the group helps with offspring

  • alloparenting - non reproductive females help raise offspring

• food sharing

Goeldi’s Monkeys (Callimico goeldi)

• dental formula 2 1 3 3

• single birth

• crepuscular

  • active during sunset

• single species in a single genus

New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) Day Activity

all diurnal except for one

• Goeldi’s Monkeys (crepuscular - active during sunset)

Cebidae (Cebids)

• Aotinae

  • Owl Monkeys (Aotus)

• Callicebinae

  • Titi Monkeys (Callicebus)

• Cebinae

  • Capuchins (Cebus)

  • Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri)

Pithecidae (Pitheciids)

• Pithecia

  • Saki

• Chiropotes

  • Bearded Saki

• Cacajao

  • Uakaris

Atelidae (Atelids)

• Ateles

  • Spider Monkeys

• Lagothrix lagothrichia

  • Wooly Monkeys

• Alowatta

  • Howler Monkeys

• Brachyteles arachnoides

  • Wooly spider Monkeys

  • Muriqui

Owl Monkeys (Aotinae, Cebidae family)

• pair-bonded monogamous

  • stable lifetime pair-bonding

• high paternal care because of monogamy

• territorial scent-marking

• only nocturnal anthropoid

  • no tapetum lucidum therefore large eyes

• nocturnal niche

• don’t rely heavily on scent

  • reduction in nasal complex

Titi Monkeys (Callicebinae, Cebidae family)

• pair-bonded monogamous

  • low sexual dimorphism

  • paternal care

• diurnal

• territorial

  • scent-marking

  • vocalization

    • vocal duets

  • violence

Capuchins (Cebus, Cebidae family)

• multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous)

• male dominance supersedes female dominance

• arboreal quadrupedalism

• semi-prehensile tails

• omnivores

  • fruits, seeds, nectar, insects

• extractive foraging

• use of stone tools

  • nut cracking with hammer stones

  • hand dexterity

  • “culture”

    • not in every capuchin population

Squirrel Monkeys (Cebinae, Cebidae family)

• large multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous) groups

• around the size of titi monkeys

• arboreal quadrupedalism

• omnivores

  • insects, fruit, nectar, lizards, etc.

• seasonal breeding

  • males fatten seasonally

  • seasonal male competition

  • female preference for fatter males

  • seasonal birth an adaption to prevent predation

Saki (Pithecia, Pithecidae family)

• pair-bonded or small multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous) groups

  • can vary by species, not 100%)

• color + sexual dimorphism

  • male - white face

  • females - dark faces

  • males larger than females

  • possible sexual selection

• loud vocalizations

  • enlarged hyoid bone

  • air sac in throat

Wooly Spider Monkeys or Muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides)

• fission fusion

• multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous)

• egalitarian

  • less dominant hierarchy, less mating competition

  • it’s less important

What are primate life stages like?

• long life stages

  • adult phase, juvenile phase, infancy, gestation

  • the more time it takes for them to mature, the longer the juvenile phase (until sexual maturity)

  • different phase-periods in different primates

Parental care in Primates

strong mother-offspring bonds

• more time invested to ensure offspring survival

Do primates need social interaction to live?

Yes, primates are naturally social and need social interaction to survive.

social group

set of individuals in the same area that interact with one another

• the coordination of activities, tolerance of other individuals, communication with other individuals, constant interaction with other members on a regular basis, members recognize and cooperate with one another

Why do primates live in social groups?

• access to food

• can better compete with other groups

  • however as a group gets bigger competition between individuals increase

• access to mates

  • better reproductive opportunities

• access to other resources - like sleeping sites

• reduces risk of predation

  • the more individuals, the lower statistic of one specific individual to be picked off (dilution effect)

  • more males, more fighters

  • increases vigilance, more eyes and ears

  • can overcome potential predators as a group

• socialization - “it takes a village)

  • reduces stress level

  • reduces the aging effect

  • parenting by anyone other than the mother (alloparenting)

What are the costs of group living?

• within-group competition

  • competition between males for mates, competition for food within the group

• pathogens

  • large group makes disease easier to spread among the population

characteristics of large groups

terrestrial, frugivores, diurnal

• more predation on the ground

• easy to defend a stationary food source (fruit trees)

• easier to be spotted in day light

characteristics of small groups

arboreal, folivores, nocturnal

• easy to avoid predators at night than during the day (when solitary or monogamous pair-bonded)

social structure

how big the group is, what is it composed of

social organization

dominance hierarchy, pattern of relationships and interactions

polygamy

an individual with more than one mate

monogamy

an individual with just one mate

polygyny

one male multi-female

polyandry

one female multi-male

polygynandry

multi-male multi-female

solitary dispersed social system

females within their own territories and one male within a territory that encompasses all the females

• polygyny

• lorises

• galagos

• some tarsiers

• some lemurs

• orangutans

pair-bonded social system

• monogamy (kinda)

• paternal care

• no sexual dimorphism

• titi monkeys

• owl monkeys

• some callitrichids

• gibbons + siamangs

one female multi-male social system

• polygynandry

• cooperative breeding

• monogamy and polyandry

• paternal care

  • males help raise the singular female’s offspring no matter the father

one-male multi-female social system

• “Harems”

• polygyny

• all-male bands + takeovers

  • male bands will fight to takeover the singular male

• infanticide

  • when primates are lactating, their reproduction is halted

• gorillas

• colobine monkeys

• guenons

• some lemurs

• howler monkeys

multi-male multi-female social system

• polygynandry

  • polygyny and polyandry

• male competition for estrous females

• macaques

• most baboons

• capuchins

fission fusion social systems

not always together, split apart for things like feeding (fission) then come together for sleeping (fusion)

• “communities”

• temporary foraging parties

• spider monkeys

• chimpanzees

• bonobos

multi-level social systems

multiple levels of organization with high rates of takeovers in lower levels of groupings

• polygyny

• hamadryas baboons

• Guinea baboons

• geladas

• snub-nosed monkeys

dispersal and philopatry

leaving their born community or staying in their born community respectively

• usually males disperse while females are philopatric

• philopatric sexes have the strongest social relationships meaning they have strong social “bonds”

prosimians

lorises, galagos, lemurs, tarsiers

strepsirhines

lemurs, lorises, galagos

anthropoids (anthropoidea)

monkeys, apes, humans

haplorhines

tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans

prosimian traits

• smaller bodies and brains

• grooming claw on 2nd and/or 3rd digit of foot

• nocturnality —> large eyes

• less social

  • solitary dispersed social system

strepsirhine traits

• rhinarium (wet nose) and split upper lip

• tapetum lucidum - reflective film behind the eyes for nocturnality

  • see better at night

• post-orbital bar (not plate or full closure)

• tooth comb

What are the generalized prosimian and strepsirhine traits compared to anthropoids?

• less mobile digits

• more olfaction

• less/worse vision

  • different color spectrum

• arboreal or semi-arboreal

• infant “parking”

  • parent will hide infants in nests to get food then come back

Where are lorids found?

South East Asia, Southern India, Central Africa

lorids

• nocturnal

• arboreal

• insects, gum (frugivore, omnivore, insectivore)

  • fruit, small animal prey

• slow-climbing locomotion

  • reduced 2nd digit

  • reduced tails

  • very mobile joints

lorid social system

• dispersed polygyny - “noyau”

• solitary foraging

• range overlap

• territoriality

• vocal and olfactory communication

Where are galagos found?

Central Africa

galagos

• nocturnal

• arboreal

• insects, gum, fruit

• arboreal quadrupedalism

• vertical clinging and leaping

• locomotor adaptations

  • powerful hindlimbs

  • long hindlimbs

  • long tails

  • elongated tarsal bones

galagos social system

• solitary dispersed - “noyau”

• share sleeping hollows

• twins common

• carry infants in mouth

Where are tarsiers located?

South East Asia, Indonesia, Phillipines

Why are tarsiers not included in the grouping Strepsirhini?

tarsiers have a post-orbital plate

tarsiers

• arboreal

• 180-degree field of vision

  • head swivel

• insectivore/carnivore

  • only strictly carnivorous primate alive today

• nocturnal

• visual predation

• no tapetum lucidum

• vertical clinging and leaping

  • elongated tarsal bones

  • fused tibia and fibula

• grooming claws on digit 2 and 3

tarsier social system

• solitary dispersed

  • range overlap

• pair-bonding

  • monogamous

• one-male groups

  • polygynous

Prosimian Taxonomy

Strepsirhini —> Lorisiformes —> Lemuroidea (Lemurs), Lorisoidea (lorids and galagos)

Lorisoidea —> Lorisidae (lorises, pottos, angwantibo) and Galagidae (galagos)

Haplorhini —> Tarsiiformes —> Tarsoidea —> Tarsiidae (tarsiers)

Where are lemurs located?

Madagascar

adaptive radiation

one animal species occupies different niches, then splits (adapts) into multiple animal species to fit into the different niches

• all lemurs descended from one base primate that went through this speciation event

lemur habitats

forests, woodlands

lemurs

• all arboreal except for one species

• multi-species communities

• niche separation

• morphology and locomotion

  • unique dental formulas

  • wide range in body size

  • arboreal quadrupedalism

  • vertical clinging and leaping

  • post-orbital bar

  • tooth comb

• activity and reproduction

  • diurnal and nocturnal (cathemeral)

  • seasonal breeding

    • females in estrous only a few months out of the year

  • small body size: high rates in twins and triplets

What are the two specialist lemur species?

Bamboo lemur - specializes in bamboo

Aye-aye - specializes in sap and eggs

characteristics of nocturnality

• small body size

• more insectivorous

• solitary foraging

• more olfactory and auditory communication

• smaller brain size

characteristics of diurnality

• larger body size

• more varied diet

• social foraging

• visual communication

• larger brain size

lemuridae (true lemurs, ruffed lemurs, bamboo lemurs)

• dental formula - 2 1 3 3

• diurnal or cathemeral

• polygynandrous

  • multi-male multi-female groups

  • female dominated

• monogamous pairs

• territorial

  • ring-tailed lemurs: “stink fights”

Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs)

• dental formula - 0 1 3 3 top - 2 1 3 3 bottom

• nocturnal

• sleep in holes in tree trunks

• polygynous mating

  • male dominated

Cheirogaleidae (mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs)

• nocturnal

• holes in tree trunks

• seasonal hibernation

• solitary dispersed

• polygynous, polygynandrous

• highly seasonal breeding

• 2-3 infants at a time

• similar niche as galagos

  • insects, gum

Indriidae (sifakas, indris, wooly lemurs)

• largest lemurs

• dental formula - 2 1 2 3 - top, 2 0 2 3 bottom

  • no incisors

• some diurnal, some nocturnal

• some in mm-mf groups

• some in monogamous pairs

• seasonal breeding

• highly folivorous - Indri indri

• pair-bonded

• highly territorial

Daubentoniidae (Aye-aye)

• nocturnal

• dental formula - 1 0 1 3 - top, 1 0 0 3 - bottom

• specialized diet for insect larvae

• “percussive foraging”

  • “tap scanning”

  • fulfills the woodpecker niche in Madagascar

female dominance in lemurs

• energetic cost of reproduction

• strong seasonality

• reproductive seasonality

• high seasonal stress on females

• infant survival