Studied by 0 peopleNew World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) Location
Central and South America
Differences Between Catarrhines and Platyrrhines
dental formula
platyrrhines 2 1 3 3
catarrhines 2 1 2 3
nosil orientation
platyrrhines - circular, far apart, out and down, dot-like
catarrhines - close together, angular
platyrrhines are all arboreal with some prehensile tails
catarrhines are some arboreal, some terrestrial, NO prehensile tails
Callitrichidae (family)
Ceboidea (superfamily)
Platyrrhines
marmosets (Callithrix)
buddy-head
tassel-eared
pygmy (Cebuella)
tamarin (Seguinus + Leontopithicus)
golden lion (Leon. rosalie)
golden-headed lion
black lion
Goeldi’s monkey (Callimico)
Callitrichid Ecology
arboreal
diurnal
gumivores + sap; insects + small fruits
largely gumivores
except Goeldi’s monkeys
specializes on gum and sap
How are Callitrichids different from other Platyrrhines?
all <2lbs
only 2 molars 2 1 3 2
claw-like nails on some digits
claw-climbing and clinging
high rate of twins
marmosets
tusk-like incisors
to get bark to gain access to gum and sap
tamarins
toothvomb
canines not part of the comb
used to get at back to get sap and gum
Callitrichidae Social and Mating Systems
small “family groups”
polyandry (one female multi-male), monogamy
reproductive suppression
pheromones
aggression
dominant female doesn’t let other females reproduce
cooperative breeding
the group helps with offspring
alloparenting - non reproductive females help raise offspring
food sharing
Goeldi’s Monkeys (Callimico goeldi)
dental formula 2 1 3 3
single birth
crepuscular
active during sunset
single species in a single genus
New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) Day Activity
all diurnal except for one
Goeldi’s Monkeys (crepuscular - active during sunset)
Cebidae (Cebids)
Aotinae
Owl Monkeys (Aotus)
Callicebinae
Titi Monkeys (Callicebus)
Cebinae
Capuchins (Cebus)
Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri)
Pithecidae (Pitheciids)
Pithecia
Saki
Chiropotes
Bearded Saki
Cacajao
Uakaris
Atelidae (Atelids)
Ateles
Spider Monkeys
Lagothrix lagothrichia
Wooly Monkeys
Alowatta
Howler Monkeys
Brachyteles arachnoides
Wooly spider Monkeys
Muriqui
Owl Monkeys (Aotinae, Cebidae family)
pair-bonded monogamous
stable lifetime pair-bonding
high paternal care because of monogamy
territorial scent-marking
only nocturnal anthropoid
no tapetum lucidum therefore large eyes
nocturnal niche
don’t rely heavily on scent
reduction in nasal complex
Titi Monkeys (Callicebinae, Cebidae family)
pair-bonded monogamous
low sexual dimorphism
paternal care
diurnal
territorial
scent-marking
vocalization
vocal duets
violence
Capuchins (Cebus, Cebidae family)
multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous)
male dominance supersedes female dominance
arboreal quadrupedalism
semi-prehensile tails
omnivores
fruits, seeds, nectar, insects
extractive foraging
use of stone tools
nut cracking with hammer stones
hand dexterity
“culture”
not in every capuchin population
Squirrel Monkeys (Cebinae, Cebidae family)
large multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous) groups
around the size of titi monkeys
arboreal quadrupedalism
omnivores
insects, fruit, nectar, lizards, etc.
seasonal breeding
males fatten seasonally
seasonal male competition
female preference for fatter males
seasonal birth an adaption to prevent predation
Saki (Pithecia, Pithecidae family)
pair-bonded or small multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous) groups
can vary by species, not 100%)
color + sexual dimorphism
male - white face
females - dark faces
males larger than females
possible sexual selection
loud vocalizations
enlarged hyoid bone
air sac in throat
Wooly Spider Monkeys or Muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides)
fission fusion
multi-male multi-female (polygynandrous)
egalitarian
less dominant hierarchy, less mating competition
it’s less important
What are primate life stages like?
long life stages
adult phase, juvenile phase, infancy, gestation
the more time it takes for them to mature, the longer the juvenile phase (until sexual maturity)
different phase-periods in different primates
Parental care in Primates
strong mother-offspring bonds
more time invested to ensure offspring survival
Do primates need social interaction to live?
Yes, primates are naturally social and need social interaction to survive.
social group
set of individuals in the same area that interact with one another
the coordination of activities, tolerance of other individuals, communication with other individuals, constant interaction with other members on a regular basis, members recognize and cooperate with one another
Why do primates live in social groups?
access to food
can better compete with other groups
however as a group gets bigger competition between individuals increase
access to mates
better reproductive opportunities
access to other resources - like sleeping sites
reduces risk of predation
the more individuals, the lower statistic of one specific individual to be picked off (dilution effect)
more males, more fighters
increases vigilance, more eyes and ears
can overcome potential predators as a group
socialization - “it takes a village)
reduces stress level
reduces the aging effect
parenting by anyone other than the mother (alloparenting)
What are the costs of group living?
within-group competition
competition between males for mates, competition for food within the group
pathogens
large group makes disease easier to spread among the population
characteristics of large groups
terrestrial, frugivores, diurnal
more predation on the ground
easy to defend a stationary food source (fruit trees)
easier to be spotted in day light
characteristics of small groups
arboreal, folivores, nocturnal
easy to avoid predators at night than during the day (when solitary or monogamous pair-bonded)
social structure
how big the group is, what is it composed of
social organization
dominance hierarchy, pattern of relationships and interactions
polygamy
an individual with more than one mate
monogamy
an individual with just one mate
polygyny
one male multi-female
polyandry
one female multi-male
polygynandry
multi-male multi-female
solitary dispersed social system
females within their own territories and one male within a territory that encompasses all the females
polygyny
lorises
galagos
some tarsiers
some lemurs
orangutans
pair-bonded social system
monogamy (kinda)
paternal care
no sexual dimorphism
titi monkeys
owl monkeys
some callitrichids
gibbons + siamangs
one female multi-male social system
polygynandry
cooperative breeding
monogamy and polyandry
paternal care
males help raise the singular female’s offspring no matter the father
one-male multi-female social system
“Harems”
polygyny
all-male bands + takeovers
male bands will fight to takeover the singular male
infanticide
when primates are lactating, their reproduction is halted
gorillas
colobine monkeys
guenons
some lemurs
howler monkeys
multi-male multi-female social system
polygynandry
polygyny and polyandry
male competition for estrous females
macaques
most baboons
capuchins
fission fusion social systems
not always together, split apart for things like feeding (fission) then come together for sleeping (fusion)
“communities”
temporary foraging parties
spider monkeys
chimpanzees
bonobos
multi-level social systems
multiple levels of organization with high rates of takeovers in lower levels of groupings
polygyny
hamadryas baboons
Guinea baboons
geladas
snub-nosed monkeys
dispersal and philopatry
leaving their born community or staying in their born community respectively
usually males disperse while females are philopatric
philopatric sexes have the strongest social relationships meaning they have strong social “bonds”
prosimians
lorises, galagos, lemurs, tarsiers
strepsirhines
lemurs, lorises, galagos
anthropoids (anthropoidea)
monkeys, apes, humans
haplorhines
tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans
prosimian traits
smaller bodies and brains
grooming claw on 2nd and/or 3rd digit of foot
nocturnality —> large eyes
less social
solitary dispersed social system
strepsirhine traits
rhinarium (wet nose) and split upper lip
tapetum lucidum - reflective film behind the eyes for nocturnality
see better at night
post-orbital bar (not plate or full closure)
tooth comb
What are the generalized prosimian and strepsirhine traits compared to anthropoids?
less mobile digits
more olfaction
less/worse vision
different color spectrum
arboreal or semi-arboreal
infant “parking”
parent will hide infants in nests to get food then come back
Where are lorids found?
South East Asia, Southern India, Central Africa
lorids
nocturnal
arboreal
insects, gum (frugivore, omnivore, insectivore)
fruit, small animal prey
slow-climbing locomotion
reduced 2nd digit
reduced tails
very mobile joints
lorid social system
dispersed polygyny - “noyau”
solitary foraging
range overlap
territoriality
vocal and olfactory communication
Where are galagos found?
Central Africa
galagos
nocturnal
arboreal
insects, gum, fruit
arboreal quadrupedalism
vertical clinging and leaping
locomotor adaptations
powerful hindlimbs
long hindlimbs
long tails
elongated tarsal bones
galagos social system
solitary dispersed - “noyau”
share sleeping hollows
twins common
carry infants in mouth
Where are tarsiers located?
South East Asia, Indonesia, Phillipines
Why are tarsiers not included in the grouping Strepsirhini?
tarsiers have a post-orbital plate
tarsiers
arboreal
180-degree field of vision
head swivel
insectivore/carnivore
only strictly carnivorous primate alive today
nocturnal
visual predation
no tapetum lucidum
vertical clinging and leaping
elongated tarsal bones
fused tibia and fibula
grooming claws on digit 2 and 3
tarsier social system
solitary dispersed
range overlap
pair-bonding
monogamous
one-male groups
polygynous
Prosimian Taxonomy
Strepsirhini —> Lorisiformes —> Lemuroidea (Lemurs), Lorisoidea (lorids and galagos)
Lorisoidea —> Lorisidae (lorises, pottos, angwantibo) and Galagidae (galagos)
Haplorhini —> Tarsiiformes —> Tarsoidea —> Tarsiidae (tarsiers)
Where are lemurs located?
Madagascar
adaptive radiation
one animal species occupies different niches, then splits (adapts) into multiple animal species to fit into the different niches
all lemurs descended from one base primate that went through this speciation event
lemur habitats
forests, woodlands
lemurs
all arboreal except for one species
multi-species communities
niche separation
morphology and locomotion
unique dental formulas
wide range in body size
arboreal quadrupedalism
vertical clinging and leaping
post-orbital bar
tooth comb
activity and reproduction
diurnal and nocturnal (cathemeral)
seasonal breeding
females in estrous only a few months out of the year
small body size: high rates in twins and triplets
What are the two specialist lemur species?
Bamboo lemur - specializes in bamboo
Aye-aye - specializes in sap and eggs
characteristics of nocturnality
small body size
more insectivorous
solitary foraging
more olfactory and auditory communication
smaller brain size
characteristics of diurnality
larger body size
more varied diet
social foraging
visual communication
larger brain size
lemuridae (true lemurs, ruffed lemurs, bamboo lemurs)
dental formula - 2 1 3 3
diurnal or cathemeral
polygynandrous
multi-male multi-female groups
female dominated
monogamous pairs
territorial
ring-tailed lemurs: “stink fights”
Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs)
dental formula - 0 1 3 3 top - 2 1 3 3 bottom
nocturnal
sleep in holes in tree trunks
polygynous mating
male dominated
Cheirogaleidae (mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs)
nocturnal
holes in tree trunks
seasonal hibernation
solitary dispersed
polygynous, polygynandrous
highly seasonal breeding
2-3 infants at a time
similar niche as galagos
insects, gum
Indriidae (sifakas, indris, wooly lemurs)
largest lemurs
dental formula - 2 1 2 3 - top, 2 0 2 3 bottom
no incisors
some diurnal, some nocturnal
some in mm-mf groups
some in monogamous pairs
seasonal breeding
highly folivorous - Indri indri
pair-bonded
highly territorial
Daubentoniidae (Aye-aye)
nocturnal
dental formula - 1 0 1 3 - top, 1 0 0 3 - bottom
specialized diet for insect larvae
“percussive foraging”
“tap scanning”
fulfills the woodpecker niche in Madagascar
female dominance in lemurs
energetic cost of reproduction
strong seasonality
reproductive seasonality
high seasonal stress on females
infant survival
Note
Flashcard