Matter

Kinetic Particle Theory

Matter is composed of tiny particles in constant random motion, which affects the states of matter, their properties, and the changes they undergo.

Plasma

A gaseous state of matter where atoms or molecules are stripped of electrons, forming positive ions and negative electrons. It is the most common form of matter in the universe but least common on Earth.

Properties of Solids

Solids are rigid, compact, and incompressible, with a definite shape and volume. They do not flow.

Types of Solids

Crystalline solids are more compact and arranged orderly, while amorphous solids easily break and are less compact.

Properties of Liquids

Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. They flow and diffuse slowly, exert pressure, and are almost incompressible.

Surface Tension

The property of a liquid that makes it resist an external force and allows objects to float on water.

Capillary Action

The movement of water within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension.

Properties of Gases

Gases have no definite shape or volume, flow and diffuse easily, are compressible, and exert pressure.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Pressure

The force exerted per unit area.

Physical Change

Matter changes form but not its chemical identity.

Chemical Change

A chemical reaction occurs, and new products are formed.

Exothermic Change

A process that releases heat to the surroundings, such as the transformation of liquid water to vapor.

Endothermic Change

A process that absorbs heat from the surroundings, such as the melting of ice.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

Boiling Point and Altitude

Water boils at different temperatures at different altitudes, with higher altitudes resulting in lower boiling points.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical change. It can be classified as a metal, non-metal, or metalloid and is composed of only one kind of atom.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements combine chemically. Its smallest particle is called a molecule, and it is represented by a chemical formula.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances with variable compositions. Its properties may be similar to its components, and it can be separated by physical methods.