Learning + Memory Q&A

What are the three stages of memory?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Explicit memory is conscious (facts, events); implicit memory is unconscious (skills, habits).

Give an example of procedural memory and explain why it’s implicit.

Example: Riding a bike; implicit because it is automatic and doesn’t require conscious effort.

What are the two types of explicit memory, and how do they differ?

Semantic memory: Facts, general knowledge; Episodic memory: Personal experiences.

What is working memory, and which brain regions are involved?

Temporary storage for active tasks; Brain regions: Prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe.

What role does the hippocampus play in memory?

Forms new explicit (long-term) memories.

What happens to memory if the hippocampus is damaged?

Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories.

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex in memory?

Involved in working memory, decision-making, and memory retrieval.

How does the amygdala influence memory?

Enhances emotional memories, especially fear and survival-related.

What is long-term potentiation (LTP), and why is it important for memory formation?

Strengthening of synaptic connections with repeated use; key mechanism for learning and memory.

What are the three processes of memory?

Encoding: Inputting information; Storage: Retaining information; Retrieval: Accessing stored information.

What is the difference between shallow and deep processing?

Shallow processing: Surface-level; Deep processing: Meaningful connections.

How does retrieval failure contribute to forgetting?

Information is stored but cannot be accessed, often due to lack of retrieval cues.

What is retrograde amnesia vs. anterograde amnesia?

Retrograde amnesia: Can’t remember past memories; Anterograde amnesia: Can’t form new memories.

What is the misinformation effect, and how does it impact eyewitness testimony?

Memory distortion due to misleading information; can change recall.

How does Alzheimer’s disease affect memory?

Progressive memory loss, starting with short-term memory impairment due to hippocampal damage.

What is proactive vs. retroactive interference, and how do they cause forgetting?

Proactive interference: Old information disrupts new learning; Retroactive interference: New information disrupts old memories.

How does stress affect memory, and what role does cortisol play?

Chronic stress impairs memory retrieval; high cortisol levels damage the hippocampus.