CH 6 GEA North Africa & Middleeast

Part 1, Part 2: Iran, Turkey, Israel, Arabian Peninsula, Egypt-Morocco (21 countries)

Fertile crescent

first site of agricultural communities

The first converts of Islam were …

Bedouin nomads of the Arabian Peninsula

The Ottoman Empire lost control to …

Europe’s colonial domination

The European colonial domination lasted until …

end of World War II

The state of Israel was created on land inhabited …

Arab farmers as well as by some Jews

The deserts of this region are known as the …

Driest in the world

Three important rivers to this region

Nile river, Euphrates River, Tigris River

Nile river…

Flows north from the central East African highlands, Crosses Sudan and desert Egypt, Large delta on the Mediterranean

Euphrates River and Tigris River are …

Sourced by rainfall in Turkey

Salinization of soil is a …

negative by-product.

seawater desalination supplies …

70% Saudi Arabia’s water

Seawater desalination factors

uses huge amounts of fossil fuel, raises GHG emission rate, very expensive

Groundwater pumping factors

Pumping fossil water requires special pumps, Nonrenewable resource, Subsidence occur

Dams and reservoirs

Diplomacy required for multiple-country usage

Turkey had plans to construct multiple dams on the …

Tigris/Euphrates Rivers

Dams on the Nile also cause problems between

Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia

Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates, thus …

increasing water scarcity

Vulnerability to climate change …

sea level rise, GHG emission,

Kurds

Iranian ethnic group

Middle east and North Africa holds how much of the earth’s fossil fuel resources?

2/3

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in …

1960

OPEC stands for …

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

OPEC controls …

cartel, production, prices

Because of oil wealth, economic diversification has occurred (T/F)

False

secularism

religious parties not allowed

theocracy

Designate an official religion to which all leaders must follow

Arab Spring

pro-democracy protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the Middle East and North Africa beginning 2010

Salafism (islamic roots)

Originated in Egypt

Wahhabism (islamic roots)

Originated in Saudi Arabia

Jihadists

Many jihadists advocate violence against Western culture

The Arab Spring brought waves of protests against

Unresponsive dictators, High unemployment, Rising food prices, Poor living conditions, Government corruption

The impacts of the Arab Spring

Tunisia, Libya and Yemen governments fell, regime in Egypt overthrown briefly, civil war in Syria

The Assad government

brutally repressed the Arab Spring movement in Syria

caliphate

an Islamic state ruled by a caliph, a successor to Prophet Muhammad, acting as both political and religious leader

ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)

Sunni jihadist militant organization and former unrecognized quasi-state

Two countries with successful economic diversification

Turkey and Israel

Judaism

laws, oldest monotheist, Torah (4000years)

Christianity

Jesus, Bible (2000)

Islam

Muhammad, Qur’an (1400)

monotheist religions

christianity, islam, judaism

growth rate for this region

second-highest population