Psych of Aging Chapters 5, Psych of Aging Ch 6, Psych of Aging Ch. 7, Psych of Aging Chapter 9

activities of daily living (ADLs)

basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing

instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

actions that require some intellectual competence and planning such as using the phone, shopping, making meals, household tasks, taking meds, and doing laundry

Risk factors such as smoking, drinking, unhealthy eating, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity are related to what

chronic diseases (cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.)

noncommunicable disease

diseases caused by environmental and behavioral factors (cancer, cardiovascular disease) 41 million people worldwide (85% occur in lower-income countries)

cardiovascular disease

number one cause of death worldwide, a set of abnormal conditions that develop in the heart and arteries

Atherosclerosis

the process of fatty deposits collecting at an abnormally high rate, substantially reducing the width of the arteries and limiting the circulation of the blood; accelerated due to diet and lack of exercise

Arteiosclerosis

thickening and hardening of the arteries; everyone experiences some degree of this

myocardial infarction

acute condition in which the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or blocked

Hyperextension

chronic abnormally elevated blood pressure; a sign that the heart and blood vessels are being overworked

what age group has the highest rates of physical inactivity?

older adults age 75+

one person dies every 35 seconds in the U.S. from which disease

cardiovascular disease

congestive heart failure

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

cerebrovascular accident

another name for stroke

stroke

an artery leading to the brain bursts or is clogged by a blood clot or another particle

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

a "mini-stroke" caused by the blockage of a blood vessel, which resolves (goes away) within 24 hours

stroke belt

8 states with increased stroke mortality in southeast US

metabolic syndrome

A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

mederteranian diet

diet used to reduce the risk of developing metabolic syndrome

low income countries

where are cancer deaths most common?

cancer

develops when random mutations occur that cause the body's cells to malfunction due to a mistake in cell division or in response to injuries from environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals

being overweight and obesity

What are some risk factors for cancer among women

Cancer alley

areas where people are breathing in toxins

70%

What percent of cancer deaths are from low income areas

radiation, surgery, chemo, targeted drug therapies

cancer treatments

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

Osteoarthritis

bone spurs, loss of fluid in the joints

Osteoporosis

loss of bone density

type 1 diabetes

genetic disorder in which the body cannot produce enough insulin

type 2 diabetes

lifestyle progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin

chronic bronchitis

inflammation and excess mucus

Emphysema

damaged air sacs

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

normal aging

processes of aging that represent a gradual decline of systems and body functions at a normal rate

APOE gene

- Indicates risk but not everyone with the gene develops Alzheimer's disease

mental activity, social support, physical activity, Mediterranean diet, limited alcohol

these may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease

Anticholinesterase, glutamate, anti-beta amyloia digomers

Medical treatment for Alzheimer's disease

reaction time

processing speed and attention

Brinley Plot

a graph where the average response time of older adults is graphed as a function of the average response time of younger adults

General Slowing

loss of attentional resources leads to longer times to respond

inhibitory deficit

inability to tune out irrelevant information

Stroop Task

older adults are capable of showing inhibition levels comparable to those of young adults when stimuli is presented in two modalities

UFOV (useful field of view)

area from which one can extract visual information in a single glance without turning one's head or moving one's eyes

they have low travel speeds

why do rotaries and roundabouts reduce collisions

working memory

what you're actively thinking about right now

Default Network

When our brain is at rest, deactivates when our working memory engages

eposodic memory

long term memory for events (declines)

source memory

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired (declines)

false memory

an inaccurate memory that feels as real as an accurate memory (declines)

retrieval memory

the process of getting information out of memory storage (decline)

prospective memory

wanting to do something and forgetting (declines)

semantic memory

memory for knowledge about the world (remains stable)

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (911) (remains stable)

implicit memory

skills we learn through repetition (driving) (remains stable)

procedural memory

doing procedures (walk, brush teeth) (remains stable)

scaffolding theory of memory

•According to the scaffolding theory, older adults can recruit alternate neural circuits as needed by task demands as shown by these potential routes.

reminiscence bump

older adults tend to think about the "good ol days"

Accumulation of information theory

accumulation of info takes longer to process (takes older adults longer to sift through all the knowledge they have)

psychosocial influence on memory

stress and depression, memory, stereotype threat

smoking, diet, aerobic exercise, strength training

factors that influence memory

method of loci

way to improve long term memory by using a mental map-ex: mentally imagining a place you know well and mentally walking through each room

executive functioning

the cognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan, allocate mental resources. Declines over time

WCST

sort cards depicting various pictures & symbols
-assesses a person's ability to switch sets, reason abstractly, and solve problems
(ie, executive fxns) > localized in the frontal lobes
-poor performance in schizophrenics

semantic memory, gist of story, gestures, experiences, etc

What are some abilities that contribute to stability

Verbal Comprehension Index

tests on the WISC-IV that tap verbal skills such as knowledge of vocabulary and general information

Perceptual Reasoning Index

tests on the WISC-IV, such as block design and picture completion, that tap nonverbal visual-processing abilities.

Processing Speed Index

Timed tests on the WISC-IV, such as symbol search, that measure how rapidly an examinee processes information

working memory index

tests on the WISC-IV, such as digit span, that measure working memory efficiency

elderspeak

A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech.

everyday problem solving

1.) assess situation
2.) decide on desired end state
3.) transform current state into desired state

Top-down problem solving

Solving begins at the highest-level, also known as the strategic thought. From there, the problem is broken down, identifying and developing the elements at the next level down. (typically used to solve a small problem)

Bottom-up problem solving

Begins with the tactical, granular, specific details. Starts with a list of issues, then organizing them into like groups. Those groups can often be grouped further, building levels up, until, finally, the key drivers and governing thought are reached. (typically used to solve a larger problem)

Everyday problems test (EPT)

a test that measures reaction time, knowledge, experience, and education

The trolly problem

test of post formal logic because there is no "right" answer to the question

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence

motor, perception, controlled attention, knowledge

g factor

the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence; general intelligence/knowledge

number

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, tests of __________ showed the greatest decline related to aging

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood ex: problem solving

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age ex: knowledge you gain from your career

openness fluid crystallized intelligence (OFCI)

model regarding personality openness as a protective factor against cognitive decline in later adulthood

lifespan conceptualism

understand cultural impact

Value Relativism

Life goals/values/beliefs differ depending on individual and culture (differences are respected)

factual/procedural knowledge

know how things work, understand other perspectives

management of uncertainty

understand that life is uncertain and flexible

marriage

the legal binding between two people, defined as a union between partners

2013

year that same sex marriage became legal

Massachusetts

same sex marriage was first legalized in which state?

widowed

By the age of 85, 33% of men and 70% of women are ___________

women

more likely to initiate divorce

Cohabitation

Living together without being married; more people are doing this than in the 70's

cohabitation effect

couples who cohabit before marriage are more likely to divorce

10%

______% of adults 18 and older are divorced

save face

divorce is not totally one person's fault, may help the divorce partners to feel less negative about the experience

resilience after loss

most common; pre-loss acceptance, new normal

chronic grief

least frequent; pre-loss dependency

widowhood effect/broken heart syndrome

the impact of the death is so strong that surviving spouses tend to die earlier than expected

socioemotional selectivity theory

looking at the bright side of relationships, rather than the negative

social exchange theory

benefits outweigh the costs of relationship

equity theory

how much effort each person contributes to a relationship is based on

similarity theory

based on the concept that we fall in love with people who are similar to us in important ways