BTEC Applied psychology biological Unit 1

Sex

A binary construct you are either female XX chromosome or male XY chromosome.

Gender

A label, examples female and male that are often culturally defined rather than biologically defined.

Gender fluid

Not having a fixed gender.

Masculinity

Possession of the qualities traditionally associated with men.

Femininity

Behaving in ways considered typical for women.

Transgender

Identification with a gender that does not match one's biological gender.

Binary

Gender - a term that means either male or female

Non-binary gender

A term that suggests that gender cannot be split up into two distinct categories

Typical gender forms

Types of gender that are socially the norm ie male and female

Atypical gender forms

Types of gender that not socially the norm ie metrosexual

Gender Dysphoria

A condition where a person feels discomfort with the gender assigned to them at birth

Adaptive

What term means a physical or psychological characteristic that enhances an individuals survival and reproduction, and is thus likely to be naturally selected for, and passed down in the genes?

Asch

Which key researcher into conformity - undertook a lines experiment, which can explain NSI and ISI?

Bandura

Which key theorist evidences Social Learning theory - BOBO doll.?

Biological approach

Which approach emphasises the important of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural functions?

Classical Conditioning

What term means learning by association, and occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned ( unlearned) stimulus (UCS) and a new neural stimuli ( NS). Pavlov?

Cognitive approach

Which approach focuses on how our mental processes ( thoughts, perception, attention) affect behaviour?

Compliance

What term means a superficial or temporary type of conformity where we outwardly go along with the majority view, but privately disagree with it?

Evolution

What is the general term for the process by which species change to adapt to their environment?

Eyewitness Testimony

What is the general term to describe how people remember details of events, such as accidents and crimes?

Generalisation

Which term means in relation to research findings, the extent to which findings can be applied to the population?

Genotype

What term means the particular set of genes that a person possesses?

Hormones

What are biochemical substances that circulate in the blood stream and only affect target organs?

Identification

Which moderate type of conformity is where we act in the same way with the group because we value it and want to be part of it?

Imitation

Which word means copying the behaviour of others?

Informational Social Influence

Which explanation for conformity says we conform to the group as believe they are correct?

Internalisation

What is a deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct, leads to a permanent change in behaviour?

Learning approach

What is another term for behaviorism - classical and operant conditioning explanation?

Modelling

What is the word for imitating behaviour of a role mode?

Natural selection

What is the process that explains evolution whereby inherited traits that enhance an animals reproductive success are passed down in the genes?

Negative reinforcement

What is the term in operant conditioning where a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus?

Neurochemistry

What is term relating to the chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning?

Neutral stimulus

What is the term in classical conditioning where one stimulus that does not produce a target response, though in association with an unconditioned stimulus it can become conditioned?

Normative social influence ( NSI)

What terms means an explanation of conformity that says we agree with the opinion of the majority as we want to be accepted, and gain social approval?

Nurture

What word means aspects of behaviour that are acquired through experience, learnt?

Nature

What word means aspects of behaviour that are innate, biological, you are born with?

Oestrogen

What is the primary female hormone, that regulates the menstrual cycle?

Operant conditioning

What is a form of learning in which the behaviour is shaped by consequences - positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment?

Phenotype

What word means the characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment?

Positive reinforcement

What term In operant conditioning is when a stimulus increases the probability that a behaviour will be repeated because it is pleasurable?

Reinforcement

What is the term for the consequences of behaviour that increases the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated?

Role model

What is the term for people who have qualities we would like to have and we identify with them?

Schema

What term means a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing, they are developed from experience?

Sexual selection

What term is a key part of Darwins theory explaining how evolution is driven by competition for mates.?

Social influence

What is the general term for the process by which individuals and groups change each others attitudes and behaviours.?

Social learning theory

Which theory is a way of explaining behaviour through role models, direct and indirect reinforcement - key researcher Bandura?

Testosterone

Which hormone produced in the testes in males, is associated with dominant behaviour and aggression?

Unconditioned response

Which term in classical conditioning, refers to the innate reflex response to a stimuli, ie salivating when presented with a bacon sandwich/food?

Vicarious reinforcement

What type of reinforcement is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour, this is a key factor in imitation - SLT?

Skinner

Which researcher is associated with Operant Conditioning?

Deady

Which researcher is associated with research into testosterone levels and maternal ambition?

Buss

Which researcher is associated with research into sex differences in jealousy, which supports evolutionary explanations?

Harlow

Which researcher is associated with research support that damage to neuroanatomy can result in behaviour change?

Watson and Raynor

Which researchers are associated with research that supports classical conditioning?

Genetics

What is the name for the explanation that proposes that we are born with certain character/behaviour traits which are passed down from parent to child?

SRY Gene

What is responsible for the production of a protein that causes the development of the testes and thus testosterone?

MAOA Gene (mutated)

What is believed to be responsible for aggression in males?

instrumental aggression

What is 'cold blooded', planned aggression, goal directed, no physiological arousal?

Genome lag

What is the notion that some behaviour today is not adaptive because genetic changes over thousands of generations have proceeded much slower than changes in our environment?

Hostile aggression

What is - angry, impulsive 'hot headed' aggression, is accompanied by a change in physiology, increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)

What is the the time (Pleistocene era) and place in the past when an adaptation spread through the population as a result of natural selection?

Buss's aims

Who aims are these? Jealousy differs for men and women because of the different adaptive problems that they faced in the time of the EEA.

Buss's findings

Who's findings are these? 60% of the male sample reported greater distress over their partner's sexual infidelity in comparison to only 17% of the female sample.

Localisation of function

What means different areas of the brain are responsible for certain functions?

Frontal Lobe

What part of the brain did Gage damage?

Neurotransmitters

What is the general term for chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons?

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood and low levels have been implicated in depression.

Dopamine

What is a neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system?

Conformity

What word means to change one's behaviour or thinking to fit in with a group.

Asch's procedure

Who's procedure asked participants to identify which line matched the standard line?

Haney's aims

Who's aims were to investigate if prison guards behave brutally because they have sadistic personalities, or is it the situation that causes that behaviour?

Social categorisation

What is the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes?

Stereotype

What is a generalised (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralised) belief about a group of people?

Chatard's aims

Who's aims are these: If students are reminded of a gender stereotype (boys are better at maths and girls are better at art subjects), do they recall their maths and art test results incorrectly?