APP Learning Vocab 2

Modules 29-30

John Garcia

Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

internal locus of control

the perception that one controls one's own fate

vicarious reinforcement/punishment

reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Edward Tolman

cognitive psychologist; latent learning and cognitive map

Robert Rescorla

researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element)

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

trace conditioning

the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US

simultaneous conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous

problem-focused coping

a type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor

emotion-focused coping

a type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor

self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Preparedness

The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

instinctive drift

the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

delayed conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until after the unconditioned stimulus is presented so that the two stimuli occur together.

backward conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Julian Rotter

psychologist known for work in the area of locus of control

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

observational (social) learning

learning that occurs by watching others