Biochemistry: Molecules of Life

Molecules of Life

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are considered the _______ _______ _______.

Carbohydrate

Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

Monosaccharide

The monomer of carbohydrates

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar called a _______.

Polysaccharide

Complex molecule composed of 3+ monosaccharides

Energy

Carbohydrates serve as a source of _______.

Structural Material

Carbohydrates are used as _______ _______.

Glycogen

Animals store carbohydrates in this form

Carbohydrates

Glucose, sucrose, starch, and galactose are examples of _______.

Starch

Plants store glucose in this form

Simple

Glucose is a _______ sugar.

Protein

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Amino Acids

The monomers of proteins

Amino Group

Amino acids have two functional groups: _______ _______ and carboxyl group.

Carboxyl Group

Amino acids have two functional groups: amino groups and _______ _______.

Dipeptides

The polymers of proteins are _______ and polypeptides.

Polypeptides

The polymers of proteins are dipeptides and _______.

Fight Disease

Proteins _______ _______, form bones and muscle, regulate cell metabolism, transport O2 in blood, and control rate of reactions.

Bones and Muscle

Proteins fight disease, form _______ _______ _______, regulate cell metabolism, transport O2 in blood, and control rate of reactions.

Cell Metabolism

Proteins fight disease, form bones and muscle, regulate _______ _______, transport O2 in blood, and control rate of reactions.

O2

Proteins fight disease, form bones and muscle, regulate cell metabolism, transport _______ in blood, and control rate of reactions.

Reactions

Proteins fight disease, form bones and muscle, regulate cell metabolism, transport O2 in blood, and control rate of _______.

Polypeptides

Very long chains of amino acids; proteins are made up of 1+ of these

Enzyme

RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts to control the rate of reactions

Substrate

The reactant being catalyzed

Active Site

Folds in an enzyme where the substrate fits, forming the enzyme-substrate complex

ase

Enzymes typically end in -_______.

ose

Substrates typically end in -_______.

Sulfur

_______ is the identifying element for proteins.

Proteins

Some examples of _______ are antibodies, actin and myosin, insulin, enzymes, and hemoglobin.

Lipids

Large, non-polar organic molecules composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Glycerol

The monomer of lipids is _______ and a fatty acid chain.

Fatty Acid Chain

The monomer of lipids is glycerol and a _______ _______ _______.

Polymer

The _______ of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.

Cell Membranes

Lipids form _______ _______, serve as chemical messengers, store long-term energy, and form protective layers.

Chemical Messengers

Lipids form cell membranes, serve as _______ _______, store long-term energy, and form protective layers.

Long-term

Lipids form cell membranes, serve as chemical messengers, store _______-_______ energy, and form protective layers.

Protective Layers

Lipids form cell membranes, serve as chemical messengers, store long-term energy, and form _______ _______.

Lipids

_______ can be saturated or unsaturated.

Single

In saturated lipids, all _______ bonds connect to carbon.

Solid

Saturated lipids are _______ at room temperature.

Stackable

Saturated lipids, such as butter, are straight and _______.

Unsaturated

_______ lipids contain double bonds.

Liquid

Unsaturated lipids are _______ at room temperature.

Hydrophobic

Lipids are ________, or "water fearing".

Nucleic Acids

Very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell

Nucleotide

The monomer of nucleic acids

Hereditary

Nucleic acids store ________ information and contain instructions on how to make proteins.

Proteins

Nucleic acids store hereditary information and contain instructions on how to make _______.

Polymers

The _______ of nucleic acids are DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Phosphorus

_______ is the identifying element of nucleic acids.

DNA

Contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activity

RNA

Stores and transfers info from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins, and sometimes acts as enzymes

Nucleotides

_______ are composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base