Studied by 13 people
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Site
physical charcter of a place
Situation
location of a place relative to other places
When and why did uranization occur in the US?
Post WW11
More availiable automobilies, cheap fuel, money for new housing
Edge cities
a nodal comcentration of shopping and office space situated on the outer fringes metropolitain areas, typically near major highway intersections
Social heterogeneity(diversity)
acts as centers of immigration
cities attract immingrants because of economic oppurtunity
Counterurbanization
high tech sevices keep people connected and they’re attreacted to the land and slow pace. People move from urban areas to rural areas
Megacities
cities with over 10 milllion residents
Urban Sprawl
uncontrolled growth of urban areas
the spreading of developments (such as housing developments and shopping centers) into suburban or rural areas
Boomburbs
large, rapidly grwoing, incoperated communites of more than 100,000 residents that are not the biggest city in the region
Exurbs
a dsrict outside of a city, espically, a propurous area beyond suburbs
Rank-size rule
the country’s nth- lagest setttlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlemnet
The law of the primate city
the largest settlemnet has more than twice as many people as the seocnd-ranking settlement
Primate cities
usually polictical, social, and economic hubs
ex: Mexico
Gravity model
useful in explaining ineractions amoung neworks of cities. It states that placs that are larger and closer together will have a greater inetraction than places that are smaller and farther away
Christallers Central Place Theory
a central place is a market center where people go to exchnage goods and services by people attrcated from the surronding cities
Smart Growth
urban planning that avoids urban sprawl, focuses on sustainable design initiatives, and guides development to create more convenient patterns and infrastructure to allow growth to be sustained over the long term
Slow-Growth Cities
slowing the growth of a city to limit the problem associated with growth and improve sustainability, Usually involves smart growth policies that concentrate growth in walkable urban centers to decrease sprawl
New Urbanism
development that reduces urban sprawl, creates walkable blocks and streets, provides housing and shopping in close proximity, increases affordable housing, and provides accessible public spaces
Greenbelts
areas of undeveloped land around an urban area
Sustainable Design
use of renewable energy and designs that create long term solutions while protecting the environment
Urban Sustainability argumnets in favor
reduction of sprawl through efficient use of space, improved access to services, jobs, and recreation, decreased energy use and pollution
Urban Sustainability criticisms
increased housing costs by making areas more desired to live in, possible loss of diversity, mixed use planning means raising taxes to pay for development
Quantitative data relating to urban data
city’s population is provided by a census and survey data and provides information on population composition and size in urban areas
Qualitative data relating to urban data
from field studies and narratives provide information individual attitudes towards urban change
Redlining
process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas. Banks and investors often deemed certain minority ethnic groups as too risky to loan to
Blockbusting
one group is convinced to sell their home at a low price and move to the suburbs as another ethnic group moves in
Environmental Injustice
disproportionate exposure to communities of color and the poor to pollution and its effects on health and the environment
Disamenity Zones
the parts of cities that are the poorest that in extreme cases are not even connected to the city’s services and are controlled by gangs and drugs
What are some causes for the creation of squatter settlements?
rapid urbanization, demand for affordable housing, and failure to enforce land use policies
Where are squatter settlements typically located?
edge of cities, vacant or undesirable land, land of unclear titles of ownership
3 challenges that exist with squatter settlements
meant to be temporary but end up being permanent, buildings aren't safe and don’t follow up to code, areas have higher rates of poverty and crime
Goal of inclusionary zoning
encourage the development of affordable housing in low poverty neighborhoods, thereby helping foster greater social and economic mobility of integration
Gentrification
trend of middle and upper income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture
Yuppies
young urban professionals
Sinks
single individuals with no kids
Dinks
dual income households with no kids
Empty-Nesters
older couples whose kids have moved out or no longer live at home
2 biggest challenges related to urban sustainability
energy and land use
Purpose of farmland protection policies
use regional planning to help protect agricultural lands from urban sprawl
Threshold
the size of the population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable
Range
the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods and services. Typically people are willing to travel farther for more specialized goods and services
Burgess Concentric-zone Model
A city goes outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings
Hoyt sector Model
a city develops in a series of sectors. Model was developed in the 1930s
Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activites revolve
Galactic City Model
it consists of an inner city, surrounded by large suburban residential and business are tied together by transportation nodes
Infilling
The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land.
De Facto Segregation
people are segregated into separate areas by fact rather than by law or policy
De Jure Segregation
racial segregation that is enforced by law or government policy
Brownfields
a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination
Note 
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