Metabolism!

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate; it is the primary energy carrier needed to conduct cell work and is very good at energy transfer.

Chemical Work

ex. building a large molecule

Mechanical Work

ex. moving a muscle protein

Transport Work

ex. pumping solutes across a membrane from a low to a high concentration

Cell Respiration

A chemical process that breaks down organic compounds such as carbohydrates in the presence of oxygen and uses the energy released from this process to form ATP.

Glycolysis

Breaks down a 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon molecules called pyruvates. It forms 2 net ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules. It occurs in the cytosol.

Krebs Cycle

It occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix. Pyruvic acid gets converted to acetyl CoA which enters the cycle. Two ATP, eight NADH, two RADH2, and one 6CO2 molecules are formed. Carbon Dioxide is released as a waste product, which is the CO2 we breathe out of our lungs.

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs within the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain which forms water. Electron movement powers proton pumps so the protons are pumped into the intermembrane space. It forms about 26 or 28 ATP molecules.

Fermentation

A cellular process of making ATP without oxygen (anaerobic).

Regeneration of NAD+

Allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen. It also occurs in the cytosol.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Occurs in animals (ex. humans) and bacteria under anaerobic conditions and it produces 2 ATP and lactic acid.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Occurs in yeast and produces 2 ATP, alcohol, and CO2.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells.

Leukocytes

White blood cells.

Blood

Consists of several kinds of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.

Circulatory System

It circulates blood, oxygen, and nutrients around our body.

Heart

Multi-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood.

Atrium

Receives blood from vessels.

Ventricle

Pumps blood out to blood vessels.

Arteries

Carries blood away from the heart.

Capillaries

Exchanges nutrients, gases hormones, waste products with body tissues.

Veins

Returns blood to the heart.

Platelets

Fragments of cells, no nuclei, and involved with blood clotting.

Respiratory System

It makes sure oxygen goes in our body and CO2 goes out of our body.

Plasma

90% water and includes dissolved solutes, bicarbonates, nutrients, hormones, and gases.