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Alkenes
are unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon- carbon double bonds (C= C)
chain length
As carbon increases the colour of the liquid gets darker as it gets thicker and more viscous.
Kerosene
and diesel oil are often cracked to produce petrol, other alkenes and hydrogen.
similar properties
The molecules in each fraction have and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
lubricants
Lubricating oil: for , polishes, waxes.
Fractional distillation
is carried out in a fractionating column.
Alkanes
are a group of saturated hydrocarbons.
Gradation
in their physical properties, such as melting and boiling point.
Naphtha
: raw product for producing chemicals.
black liquid
It is a thick, sticky, that is found under porous rock (under the ground and under the sea)
Volatility
refers to the tendency of a substance to vaporise.
Hydrogen
and a higher proportion of alkenes are formed at higher temperatures and higher pressure.
Hydrocarbons
are made from hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
smaller alkanes
The molecules are broken up in a random way which produces a mixture of and alkenes.
chemical properties
This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and due to them having the same functional group.
Petroleum
is also called crude oil and is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas.
natural gas
Most common fossil fuels include coal, and hydrocarbons such as methane and propane which are obtained from crude oil.
Structural isomers
are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
fuel
A(n) is a substance which when burned, releases heat energy.
Organic chemistry
is the chemistry of carbon compounds.
C C
The presence of the double bond, , means they can make more bonds with other atoms by opening up the bond and allowing incoming atoms to form another single bond with each carbon atom of the functional group.
names of organic compounds
The have two parts: the prefix (or stem) and the end part (or suffix)
Methane
is an alkane and is the major component of natural gas.
Organic compounds
can be represented in a number of ways.
High viscosity liquids
are thick and flow less easily.
catalytic cracking
A process called is used to convert longer- chain molecules into short- chain and more useful hydrocarbons.
colourless compounds
They are which have a gradual change in their physical properties as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases.
molecular mass
The liquid flows less easily with increasing .
Organic molecules
are classified by the dominant functional group on the molecule.
homologous series
The functional group is a group of atoms which are bonded in a specific arrangement that is responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member of a(n) .
Kerosene
: for making jet fuel (paraffin)
fractional distillation
The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called .
Petroleum
itself as a mixture isn't very useful but each component part of the mixture, called a fraction, is useful and each fraction has different applications.
Alkanes
are generally unreactive compounds but they do undergo combustion reactions, can be cracked into smaller molecules and can react with halogens in the presence of light.
Alkenes
can be used to make polymers and the hydrogen used to make ammonia.
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General Formula
2
Displayed Formula
The names of organic compounds have two parts
the prefix (or stem) and the end part (or suffix)
Cracking involves heating the hydrocarbon molecules to around 600
700°C to vaporise them
Refinery gas
heating and cooking
Gasoline
fuel for cars (petrol)
Naphtha
raw product for producing chemicals
Kerosene
for making jet fuel (paraffin)
Diesel
fuel for diesel engines (gas oil)
Fuel oil
fuel for ships and for home heating
Lubricating oil
for lubricants, polishes, waxes
Bitumen
for surfacing roads
There are two types
chain and position