Chapter 9: Joints

interosseous membrane

interosseous membrane

The gap between the bones may be narrow, with the bones joined by ligaments, or the gap may be wide and filled in by a broad sheet of connective tissue called a(n) ________.

articular discs

Located between the articulating surfaces of the femur and tibia are two ________, the medial meniscus and lateral meniscus.

anatomical position

In the ________, the upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing forward.

upward movement

The ________ of the scapula and shoulder is elevation, while a downward movement is depression.

superior rotation

During ________, the glenoid cavity moves upward as the medial end of the scapular spine moves downward.

Lateral excursion

________ moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side.

articulation

A joint, also called an

joint cavity

adjacent bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled space called a

fibrous joint

is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.

cartilaginous joint

the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

synovial joint

the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but instead come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid.

synarthrosis

An immobile or nearly immobile joint is called a

uniaxial joint

only allows for a motion in a single plane (around a single axis).

biaxial joint

allows for motions within two planes.

multiaxial joint

A joint that allows for the several directions of movement is called a __ (polyaxial or triaxial joint).

ligament

At a syndesmosis joint, the bones are more widely separated but are held together by a narrow band of fibrous connective tissue called a

suture

All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a

fontanelles

These broad areas of connective tissue are called

synostosis

This fusion between bones is called a __(“joined by bone”).

interosseous membrane

The gap between the bones may be narrow, with the bones joined by ligaments, or the gap may be wide and filled in by a broad sheet of connective tissue called an

periodontal ligament

Spanning between the bony walls of the socket and the root of the tooth are numerous short bands of dense connective tissue, each of which is called a

synchondrosis

(“joined by cartilage”) is a cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage, or where bone is united to hyaline cartilage.

symphysis

A cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage is called a__ (“growing together”).

Synovial joints

are the most common type of joint in the body.

synovial membrane

Lining the inner surface of the articular capsule is a thin

synovial fluid

The cells of this membrane secrete __ (synovia = “a thick fluid”), a thick, slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction between the bones of the joint.

extrinsic ligament

is located outside of the articular capsule

intrinsic ligament

is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule

intracapsular ligament

is located inside of the articular capsule.

tendon

is the dense connective tissue structure that attaches a muscle to bone.

articular disc

which is generally small and oval-shaped, or a meniscus, which is larger and C-shaped.

bursa

(plural = bursae) is a thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating liquid.

subcutaneous bursa

is located between the skin and an underlying bone.

subtendinous bursa

is found between a tendon and a bone.

tendon sheath

is similar in structure to a bursa, but smaller.

proximal radioulnar joint

A second pivot joint is found at the

Flexion and extension

are movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs.

Lateral flexion

is the bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side.

Hyperextension

is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury.

Hyperflexion

is excessive flexion at a joint.

Abduction and adduction

motions occur within the coronal plane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb.

Circumduction

is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.

Rotation

can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint.

Pronation

is the motion that moves the fore

Supination

is the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position.

Inversion

is the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline

eversion

turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline.

Protraction

of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball.

Retraction

is the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.

Depression and elevation

are downward and upward movements of the scapula or mandible.

Lateral excursion

moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side.

Medial excursion

returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline.

superior rotation

the glenoid cavity moves upward as the medial end of the scapular spine moves downward.

Inferior rotation

occurs during limb adduction and involves the downward motion of the glenoid cavity with upward movement of the medial end of the scapular spine.

Opposition

is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger.

reposition

Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called

atlanto-occipital joint

is formed by the articulations between the superior articular processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles on the base of the skull.

atlantoaxial joint

between the atlas and axis, consists of three articulations.

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

is the joint that allows for opening (mandibular depression) and closing (mandibular elevation) of the mouth, as well as side-to-side and protraction/retraction motions of the lower jaw.

glenohumeral joint

The shoulder joint is called the

glenoid labrum

The socket formed by the glenoid cavity is deepened slightly by a small lip of fibrocartilage called the

glenohumeral ligament

located on the anterior side of the articular capsule.

coracohumeral ligament

running from the coracoid process of the scapula to the anterior humerus, and three ligaments

rotator cuff

The thickening of the capsule formed by the fusion of these four muscle tendons is called the

elbow joint

is a uniaxial hinge joint formed by the humeroulnar joint, the articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna.

radial collateral ligament

The lateral side of the elbow is supported by the

annular ligament

encircles the head of the radius.

femoropatellar joint

is found between the patella and the distal femur.

patellar ligament

Continuing from the patella to the anterior tibia just below the knee is the

fibular collateral ligament

(lateral collateral ligament) is on the lateral side and spans from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula.

tibial collateral ligament

(medial collateral ligament) of the medial knee runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibia.

talocrural joint

The ankle is formed by the

deltoid ligament

On the medial side is the broad