Cell 220- Anatomy Exam 2

What does excitability mean in terms of muscle tissue?

A muscle receives a signal and responds to it.

What does contractility mean in terms of muscle tissue?

A muscle's ability to shorten

What does elasticity mean in terms of muscle tissue?

A muscle's ability to stretch, but then return back to normal size

What does extensibility mean in terms of muscle tissue?

A muscle's ability to lengthen.

How is cardiac muscle tissue branched?

Y-branches

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have?

Can be uninucleated or bi-nucleated.

Where is smooth muscle found?

Walls of visceral organs (like GI organs, etc.)

Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?

Involuntary

What is an intercalated disc and in what type of muscle tissue is it found?

They link cardiac muscle cells together,

cardiac muscle tissue

What type of striations does smooth muscle tissue have?

It doesn't have striations!

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

What type of shape does smooth muscle have?

Fusiform shape

How many nuclei do skeletal muscle cells have?

Bi-nucleated (2)

What type of muscle regulates temperature and stores materials?

Skeletal muscle

Deep fascia wraps around...

muscle groups

Epimysium wraps around...

entire muscles

Perimysium wraps around...

muscle fascicles

Endomysium wraps around...

muscle fibers

If you're struggling to remember the connective tissue that surrounds different muscle components, remember the acronym DEPE

D- deep fascia

E- epimysium

P- perimysium

E- endomysium

If you're struggling to remember the different muscle layers, just remember

"Many Muscles Father, Many Muscles"

Many- muscle group

Muscles- muscle

Father- fasicle

Many- myofiber (single muscle cell)

Muscles- myofibril (chain of sarcomeres)

A myofiber is...

a single muscle cell

What is a sarcolemma?

Cell membrane of muscle cell

A myofibRIL is...

a chain of sarcomeres

An aponeurosis is:

A flat tendon

What do tendons do?

Connect muscles to bone or skin

One z-disk to the next z-disk is a....

sarcomere

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

Calcium

Thick filaments are made of

myosin

Thin filaments are made up of...

actin (think acTHin--> actin is on thin filaments :)

tropomyosin

troponin

In a muscle contraction, do z-disks move towards each other, or further away?

Towards each other (The myosin pulls actin in, which shortens distance between z-disks)

(Just think actIN = pull IN)

Where does the nerve meet the muscle?

Neuromuscular junction

What does the NERVE release into the synaptic cleft to trigger a muscle contraction?

Acetyl Choline (ACh)

What is the synaptic cleft?

The space between the synaptic end bulb (end of nerve) and the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma)

What does a t-tublue do?

It is an extension of the sarcolemma that carries action potential (signal) down into the muscle cell.

What does the terminal cisternae do?

It releases calcium (terminal cisternae is just a specialized part of the sacroplasmic reticulum)

What function does ATP play in muscle relaxation?

It breaks apart the connection between myosin and actin so the muscle can relax.

What's an example of a muscle with parallel fascicles?

Rectus abdominus

What's an example of a muscle with circular fascicles?

Orbicularis oris

What's an example of a muscle with convergent fascicles?

Pectoralis major

What's an example of a muscle with unipennate fascicle arrangement?

Extensor digitorum

What's an example of a muscle with bipennate fascicle arrangement?

Rectus femoris

What's an example of a muscle with multipennate fascicle arrangement?

Deltoid

What's an example of a muscle named based on action?

Supinator, flexor pollicis longus, pronator teres

What's an example of a muscle named based on body region?

Rectus femoris,

What's an example of a muscle named based on attachment sites?

Sternocleidomastoid

What's an example of a muscle named based on orientation?

External abdominal oblique

What's an example of muscles named based on shape/size?

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

What's an example of muscles named based on # of heads?

Biceps brachii, triceps brachii

Which site is a more moveable attachment site: origin or insertion muscle sites?

Insertion (origin is less moveable, more stable)

What is an agonist muscle?

main mover

What muscle supports movement of an agonist?

synergist

What muscle stabilizes a joint in muscle movement?

Fixator

Where does dorsiflexion and plantar flexion occur?

Ankle

Where does protraction and retraction occur?

Mandible

What are the three muscles of the epicranius (aka occipitofrontalis)

Frontalis

Occipitalis

Galea aponeurotica

What muscle moves your eyebrows medially?

Corrugator supercilii

What are the muscles of mastication?

Masseter, Temporalis (superficial)

Medial pterygoid, lateral pteryogoid (deep)

(btw, your lateral pterygoid depresses the mandible, the other three elevate)

What structure, when bound to calcium, exposes the myosin binding site on the actin subunits?

Troponin (not tropomyosin, remember that troponin controls where tropomyosin moves).

What are your rotator cuff muscles

Subscapularis (medial rotator of humerus)

Infraspinatus (lateral rotator of humerus)

Teres minor (lateral rotator of humerus)

Supraspinatus (abductor of humerus)

(just remember SITS)

What makes up the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

nerves and ganglia

Afferent information ____

sensory information coming into the CNS (incoming information)

Efferent information _____

information leaving the CNS (efferent --> exits)

What are the three types of senses that enter the CNS as afferent information?

Special senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing-- eyes ears mouth and nose)

Somatic senses (skin, joints, muscles)

Visceral senses (information from internal organs and blood vessels)

What are the two components of the response (motor) function of the nervous system?

Somatic nervous system (voluntary)

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

What function do Gilal cells play in nervous tissue?

It is a broad classification of non-excitable cells that support and protect neurons (ex: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes). Basically any nervous tissue cell except neurons

What are the small spaces in between different myelin sheaths called?

Node of ranvier

What type of neurons are unipolar?

Sensory neurons (except for special senses neurons)

What type of neurons are bipolar?

special senses neurons

What type of neurons are multipolar?

Motor neurons (most CNS neurons are multipolar)

What do astrocytes do?

Control brain homeostasis

They form a barrier between central nervous tissue and blood vessels (blood-brain barrier)

What do oligodendrocytes do?

form myelin sheaths in the CNS

What do microglial cells do?

Trash collector of nervous tissue

Fight infection

What do ependymal cells do?

line ventricles and produce cerebral spinal fluid

What are the two types of glial cells found in the PNS?

Schwann cells- myelinate PNS axons

Satellite cells- protect and regulate nutrients to neuron cells

What does gray matter contain?

neuron cell bodies and dendrites

What does white matter contain?

neuron axons and myelin sheaths (just think that myelin is white, so it'll be found in white matter)

In the PNS, where are cell bodies and dendrites contained?

Ganglia

What are the three components (from big to small) of nerves?

Never- nerves (made of lots of fascicles)

Forget- fascicles (made of lots of axons)

Anatomy- axons

What are the three CT coverings that cover the nerves, fascicles and axons, respectively?

Epineurium (surround a nerve)

Perineurium (surround fascicles)

Endoneurium (surround axons)

A patient has patches of myelin that are destroyed in his brain. This causes blindness. What's the disease?

Multiple sclerosis

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

Pia mater and arachnoid mater

What type of tissue are the meninges made of?

Connective tissue

What is the venous sinus?

Large channel in the brain that drains blood from the brain to the jugular vein

A baby is born with excessive CSF. This is due to an overproduction of CSF in the choroid plexus of the baby. What is this disease called?

Hydrocephalus

What is the purpose of the arachnoid villi?

to allow CSF absorption into the blood so that waste products in the CSF can be carried to the rest of the body for filtration

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

decision making,

personality,

verbal communication.

voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Sensory interpretation of textures and shapes

Understanding speech

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Auditory and olfactory experience

What is the occipital responsible for?

Vision

What is the insula responsible for?

Taste

What axons stay on the same side of brain hemispheres?

Association fibers

What axons cross hemispheres in the brain?

Commissural fibers

What do projection fibers (axons) connect?

Brain and the spinal cord

What is the function of the thalamus?

Signal relay station (organizes information and sends it to where it needs to go in the brain/body)

What is the function of the hypothalamus? (BEETSHAM)

Behavior

Endocrine

Emotion

Temperature control

Sleep cycles

Hunger/thirst

Autonomic control

Memory

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Fine motor control

Balance/equilibrium

What does the medulla oblongata control?

Breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, reflexes (coughing, sneezing, gagging, puking)

What nerve is responsible for the movement of the extrinsic eye muscles? (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique)

Oculomotor nerve (III)

What nerve is responsible for the movement of the superior oblique in the eye?

Trochlear nerve (IV)