HIsto 102 Quiz 2 Grah

Louis Pasteur (Medicine)

France; Created the first vaccine for anthrax and rabies

Robert Koch

Germany; Isolated the following:

Bacillus anthracis Tuberculosis bacillus

Vibrio cholerae

Gerhard Armauer Hansen

Norway; Identified the bacterium Mycobacterioum lebrae in 1873 as the causative agent of leprosy

Karl Joseph Erbeth

Germany; Described in 1880 the bacillus that he suspected was the cause of typhus

Alexander Fleming

Scotland; Discovered the antibiotic substance called penicillin

Rudolf Virchow

Germany; Founded the medical fields of cellular pathology and comparative pathology

Sigmund Freud

Austria; Postulated that man often acts in response to unconscious needs and desires

Devised psychoanalysis as a method of revealing unconscious motives

Psychoanalysis

method of revealing unconscious motives

Ivan Pavlov

Russia; Postulated that man's reason is not responsible for his actions

Deduced that many human responses are the result of mechanical reactions to stimuli

Progress in Science

Discovery of more laws of nature and principles of science

Charles Darwin

Britain; Explained the following phenomena in the natural world:
Why there is a great variety of plants and animals

Why some plants and animals became extinct

Why some plants and animals still continue

Charles Darwin (1859 Work)

"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"

Struggle for Existence (Charles Darwin)

Most animals tend to increase faster than the available food supply

Survival of the Fittest (Charles Darwin)

Animals that survive have an advantage over those that perished, making them better adapted to their environment

Natural Selection (Charles Darwin)

Only the fittest survive and live to produce offspring with the same characteristics

Charles Darwin (1871 Work)

"The Descent of Man"

The Descent of Man (Charles Darwin)

Implied that human beings evolved from animals (ape)

Controversy: contradicted the biblical origins of man as told in the Book of Genesis (that God created man in his image and likeness)

Gregor Mendel

Austria; Discovered that there is a pattern to the way that certain traits are inherited

Laid down the groundwork for the science of Genetics

Genetics

Study of genes, genetic variation and heredity

Louis Pasteur (Science)

Invented a method to stop milk and wine from fermenting

Pasteurization

a method to stop milk and wine from fermenting

James Simpson

Chloroform (Definition)

colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid used to sedate a person when inhaled or ingested

Chloroform (Use)

depresses the central nervous system of a patient, allowing a doctor to perform various otherwise painful procedures

Joseph Lister

England; Introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds (antiseptics)

antiseptics

carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds

reduced post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients

John Dalton

England; Theorized that all matter is composed of invisible particles called atoms

Dmitri Mendeleev

Russia; Made the Periodic Table in which he classified all known elements according to their atomic weights

Wilhelm Roentgen

Germany; Discovered the rays that penetrated solid substances which he called x-rays

Henri Bequerel

France; Discovered radioactivity together with Marie Curie and Pierre Curie

Pierre Curie and Marie Sokolowska-Curie

France & Poland; Isolated the elements radium and polonium

Ernest Rutherford

New Zealand; Theorized that each atom had a nucleus surrounded by one or more particles called electrons

Max Planck

Germany; Founded the quantum theory (interaction of matter and energy)

Progress in Technology

Towards a more practical application of science to improve the conditions of man's life

Henry Bessemer

England; Developed a less costly way to make steel by forcing blasts of hot air through the molten iron to burn out impurities

Bessemer Process (Henry Bessemer)

Made possible the mass-production of steel

Steel

Metal used in making machines, ships, bridges, and railroad tracks

Hans Christian Oersted

Denmark; Produced current flowing through a wire by moving a compass needle lying parallel to it (called )

Alessandro Volta

Italy; Invented battery

Battery

converts stored chemical energy to electrical energy

makes it possible to produce small amounts of electricity

André-Marie Ampère

France; Established the relations between electricity and magnetism and the development of the science of electromagnetism

Ampere

unit of measurement of electric current

Michael Faraday

England; Established the basis for the electromagnetic field concept in physics

James Clerk Maxwell

Scotland; Demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon (electromagnetic field)

Heinrich Hertz

Germany; Demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic waves by building an apparatus to produce and detect radio waves

Hertz

one cycle passing in one second

Guglielmo Marconi

Italy; Used radio waves to send telegraph signals directly through the air, without the use of wires

Rudolf Diesel

France; Invented the diesel engine

Diesel Engine

uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel

Gottlieb Daimler

Germany; Invented the first high-speed petrol engine

Mounted a gasoline engine on a bicycle to produce the world's first motorcycle

Karl Benz

Germany; Invented the motorwagen

Motorwagen

a gasoline-powered car

Alfred Nobel

Sweden; Invented dynamite, a safer and easier means of harnessing the explosive power of nitroglycerin

René Laennec

France; invented the stethoscope

Charles Macintosh

Scotland; Invented the waterproof raincoat

Frederic Winzer

Germany; Staged the first gas streetlighting display in London, England

Peter Durand

England; Credited with receiving the first patent for the idea of preserving food using tin cans

Joseph von Fraunhofer

Germany;Invented the spectroscope

Spectroscope

used in measuring properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

Humphry Davy

England; Invented a safety lamp for use in flammable atmospheres

John Walker

England; Invented the friction match

Edwin Beard Budding

England; Invented the lawnmower

John Peake Knight

England; Invented traffic lights

John Milne

Invented the modern seismograph

Emile Berliner

Germany; Invented the lateral-cut flat disc record used with a gramophone

Robert Whitehead

England; Developed the first effective self-propelled naval torpedo

Rowland Hill

England; Invented the postage stamp

Auguste Lumière and Louis Lumière

Manufactured photography equipment for motion pictures

John Herschel

England; Invented the blueprint

Alexander Bell

Scotland; Patented the first practical telephone

Louis Braille

France; Invented a reading and writing system intended for the use by visually impaired people

James Dewar

Scotland; Invented the vacuum flask

Joseph Aspdin

England; Patented the Portland Cement

Realism (Aim)

To reflect on the lives of ordinary people and current social issues

Realism (Theme)

Harsh social conditions of the time (of life as it actually existed)

Realism (Characteristics)

Presented the contemporary everyday life of the working class, especially the urban working class

Examined subjects that hitherto were off limits for serious literature such as sex, strikes, violence, and alcoholism

Realism (Style)

Written in prose rather than poetry

Written from scientific objectivity rather than an emotional viewpoint

Realism (Impact)

Turned away from the romantic, idealized views of the past and of nature

Gustave Flaubert

France; "Madame Bovary"

"Madame Bovary"

Tells of the life of Emma Bovary who is dissatisfied with her life; she turns to adultery to gain happiness

Honoré de Balzac

France; La comédie humaine