unit 4 vocab

Midnight Appointments

The last-minute appointment of Federalist judges by President Adams on the eve of leaving office in early 1801.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 where Judicial Review was established, ruling that the Supreme Court could declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

Impressment

The act of seizing American sailors and forcing them to serve in the British navy during Jefferson's presidency.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law enacted by Jefferson that closed US ports to foreign trade to avoid conflict, leading to economic hardship and smuggling.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Shawnee brothers who promoted Native American unity and resistance against American expansion.

Battle of Tippecanoe

The 1811 battle where American forces met and defeated indigenous fighters led by Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa.

War Hawks

Those young politicians who pushed for war with Britain, lacking firsthand experience of the Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Ghent

The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812 and restored relations between the US and the UK to pre-war status.

Battle of New Orleans

A significant American victory in the War of 1812 that boosted national morale.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of New England Federalists in 1814 to discuss grievances against the ongoing War of 1812.

American System

Economic plan proposed by John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay aimed at promoting national economic growth through various means.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of US foreign policy that warned European nations against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

Adams-Onís Treaty

The 1819 treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed legislation aiming to restrict slavery in Missouri and free children born from enslaved people at 25.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, establishing a line for future slave expansion.

Corrupt Bargain

The controversial election of 1824 involving allegations of a deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the early 1800s that emphasized personal faith and societal reform.

Camp Meeting

Large gatherings for religious worship that included emotional and physical expressions of faith.

Cane Ridge Revival

One of the largest revivals of the Second Great Awakening, attracting thousands for religious preaching.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement that emphasized intuition and the spiritual connection with nature against materialism.

Benevolent Empire

A movement formed by religious groups aiming to improve society, combining faith and social reform.

Temperance Crusade

A movement focused on reducing alcohol consumption and promoting total abstinence.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848 that addressed issues facing women.

The Liberator

An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison promoting emancipation and black citizenship.

Utopian Communities

Idealistic societies that attempted to create perfect living conditions but often failed.

Tariff of Abominations

A protective tariff that raised costs for southern consumers while protecting northern manufacturers.

Nullification Crisis

A political conflict during Andrew Jackson's presidency concerning South Carolina's opposition to federal tariffs.

Force Bill

Legislation that allowed the federal government to use military force against states that resisted enforcement of federal laws.

Petticoat Affair

A political scandal involving the wives of cabinet members that led to the disbanding of Jackson's cabinet.

The Bank War

Andrew Jackson's campaign against the Second Bank of the United States, resulting in its eventual closure.

Whig Party

A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson and the Democrats.

Panic of 1837

An economic crisis that led to a depression and increased support for the Whig Party.

internal improvements

railroads, roads, and canals. Led to the spread of goods and information.

lowell system

created the textile mill that defined antebellum New England and American industrialism pre-Civil war.

know-nothing party

known as the American Party, they spread anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant sentiment and overall slowed European immigration.

Erie canal

a 350-mile-long man-made waterway that linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and Atlantic ocean. Led to the transportation of goods, knowledge, and information.

“separate spheres”

an ideology revolving around economic production and political life being a male domain, and the world of consumers and domestic life as a female domain

“free labor”

a system where, workers that were paid for their labor and could choose their employment freely were superior to slavery. Caused tensions between the north and the south