unit 4 vocab

midnight appointments: the night before leaving office in early 1801, federalist Adams appointed various Federalists to fill positions in the supreme court and lower district courts that were created by the judiciary act. This is the backstory for Marbury vs Madison. 

Marbury v. Madison: after Jefferson was appointed president, James Madison was like hell no and decided to not deliver the appointments made by Adams. One of the appointees, William Marbury, decided that it was within his rights to serve out his term and sued for his commission. The case went to the supreme court in 1803. Marshall ruled that it was within Marburys rights to serve the term, but he also declared that the last place to declare laws unconstitutional was the supreme court, where he then ruled the judiciary act as being unconstitutional. This power became known as judicial review. 

Impressment: under Jeffersons presidency, England, France, and Spain refused to respect American ships’ neutrality, and the British resumed this behavior, in which thousands of American sailors were seized and forced to fight for the British navy. 

Embargo Act of 1807: Jeffersons foreign policy that closed American ports to foreign trade to avoid war, and an embargo that attempted to force European nations to maintain neutrality. This hurt the economy, and led to an increase in smuggling. Ultimately, Jefferson was named a tyrant. 

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet): these two Shawnee brothers created a North American indigenous alliance to halt American encroachments. Tecumseh traveled to many diverse Native nationspreaching unification, resistance, and the restoration of sacred power. 

Battle of Tippecanoe: the American response to Tecumseh and Tenskwatawas unification attempts of the indigenous people. The governor of Indiana took aggressive action by destroying Shawnee headquarters and ending Tecumseh’s efforts to form an Indian confederacy. Americans blamed the British for instigating the rebellion. 

War Hawks: those who didn’t experience the British-American conflict to its full extent due to their age, and would therefore go to war with the British again because they don’t remember the true impact of the revolution.

Treaty of Ghent: a treaty signed by the United States and the UK on December 24, 1814. It essentially re-established the American and British relationship to how it was prior to the war. 

Battle of New Orleans: this American victory boosted their morale and was a psychological victory.

Hartford Convention: a special convention held in which New England federalists met to try and end the war and curb the power of the Democratic-Republic party. They created documents ending the ⅗ representation rule, and creating a ⅔ congressional majority vote. They did the ⅔ thing mainly because federalists believed this was what was going to help them against the democratic republicans. 

American System: created by John C Calhoun and Henry Clay, as well as other politicians, to promote a system. It would include a new BUS, a high protective tariff, and a raise of prices of imported goods and help American-made products compete, as well as various other things.

Monroe Doctrine: declared that the US considered the whole western hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. 

Adams-Onís Treaty: a treaty with the Spanish that gave Florida to the United States. This was possible due to Jackson’s military successes in the First Seminole War. 

Tallmadge amendment: proposed that Congress should admit Missouri as a state only if bringing more enslaved people to Missouri was forbidden and children born from slaves were freed at 25. 

Missouri Compromise: a 3 part compromise. Congress would admit Missouri as a slave state, Congress would admit Maine as a free state, and the Louisiana Purchase territory would be divided along the southern border of Missouri. North of the line, slavery was prohibited, but south of the line it was allowed. 

“corrupt bargain”: a political scandal emerged when Speaker of the House Henry Clay allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to resolve a deadlock. Adams was elected president, despite not winning the popular vote, and Clay was later appointed Secretary of State.

Second Great Awakening: this movement reignited Protestant spirituality in the early 1800s, and created an expansive religious community that gave worshippers a potent evangelical mission. Due to this movement, people acquired the belief that human society could be changed to a more heavenly manner.

camp meeting: residents of various geographic areas attended these, where evangelical conversions consisted of intense physical and emotional enthusiasm. 

Cane Ridge Revival: one of the earliest and largest revivals of the Second Great Awakening. Drew thousands of people, and people gathered to receive sermons from Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian preachers preaching salvation. 

Transcendentalism: argued for a mystical and intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one’s inner self and looking for the essence of God in nature. Their views challenged materialism of American society by suggesting that artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth. 

“benevolent empire”: formed by evangelical Christians, this became an amalgam of religion and reform, which became a powerful force in American culture. 

temperance crusade: a movement associated with the “benevolent empire”; the movement curbed alcohol consumption due to the rising problem of alcoholism. Reformers escalated into advocating for moderate liquor consumption to full abstinence. 

Seneca Falls Convention: 2-day summit in New York in which advocates of women’s rights gathered to discuss problems facing women. 

The Liberator: a newspaper established by William Lloyd Garrison, which promoted emancipation and black citizenship. 

utopian communities: self-contained, walled off communities which were dedicated to being, essentially, perfect. These were unsustainable, and often time tended to disintegrate, but some of these left significant marks on American society. 

Tariff of Abominations: an import tax that provided protection for northern manufacturers through raising European products in America. This plan backfired and its southerners had to purchase higher-priced northern manufactured goods. This also led to high tariffs from European countries. 

Nullification Crisis: a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. Southerners started to question President Jackson. 

Force Bill: the response to the nullification crisis, in which congress passed a bill authorizing Calhoun to send the military to enforce the tariffs in South Carolina. 

Petticoat Affair: started as a disagreement among elite women of Washington, and ended as disbanding of Jackson’s cabinet. 

The Bank War: the war Jackson waged against the BUS. Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the Bank and started a campaign that led to its destruction. 

Whig Party: a party that had partly grown out of the political coalition of JQA and Henry Clay. This party opposed Jackson and the democrats. 

Panic of 1837: an event that gained the Whigs significant support; led to a general economic depression.