NURS 2821 - Wk 9 Nurse Notes Key Terms

Adeventitious

• Abnormal lung sounds such as crackles or wheezes

Atelactasis

• Collapse of part or all of a lung

Cardiopulmonary

• Relating to the heart and lungs

Diffusion

• Movement of gases from high to low concentration

Dyspnea

• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

• Associated with hypoxia

Dysrhythmia

• Abnormal heart rhythm

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Test recording heart’s electrical activity

Hyperventilation

• Rapid/deep breathing causing low CO₂

Hypoventilation

• Slow/shallow breathing causing high CO₂

Hypoxemia

• Low oxygen in the blood

Hypoxia

• Low oxygen in body tissues

• Inadequate oxygen to cells

Inspiration

• Inhalation of air into the lungs

Internal Respiration

• Gas exchange between blood and tissues

Ischemia

• Reduced blood flow to tissues

Myocardial Infarction

• Heart attack; death of heart muscle tissue

Oxygenation

• Process of supplying oxygen to the body

Perfusion

• Blood flow through tissues

• Return deoxygenated blood to lungs

Pulmonary Ventilation

• Movement of air in and out of lungs

Pulse oximetry

• Measurement of blood oxygen saturation

Spirometer

• Device measuring lung function

Subcutaneous Emphysema

• Air trapped under the skin

Surfactant

• Substance preventing alveolar collapse

Tachypnea

• Rapid breathing rate

Tracheostomy

• Surgical airway opening in the trachea

Vesicular

• Normal soft breath sounds

Wheezing

• High-pitched sound from narrowed airways

P Wave

• Atrial depolarization

PR Interval

• Atrial contraction

• Travel time

QRS Complex

• Ventricular depolarization

• Ventricular systole

QT Interval

• Ventricular depolarization

• Ventricular repolarization

Birth control risk factors

• Thrombophlebitis

• Pulmonary Emboli

Chest Pain in MEN

• Left side

• Radiates to left arm

Chest Pain in WOMEN

• Less definitive

• Manifests as breathlessness

• Jaw pain

• Back pain

• Nausea/Fatigue

Pericardial Pain

• Inflammation of pericardial sac

• Occurs on inspiration

Pleuritic Chest Pain

• Inflammation of pleural space

• Radiates to scapular region

• Worsens w/coughing and yawning

• Occurs on inspiration

Cholesterol LABS

• Less than <200mg/dL TOTAL

• HDL = Greater than >45mg/dL

• LDL = Greater than >45mg/dL (male); >55mg/dL (female)

Troponin I LABS

• Less than < 0.04ng/mL

• Less than < 0.03ng/mL (sometimes?)

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) LABS

• Less than <100pg/mL

Hypervolemia

• Excess fluid volume in the body or bloodstream

• RIGHT SIDED

Ascites

• Fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity

• RIGHT SIDED

Pulmonary Edema

• Fluid accumulation in the lungs

• LEFT SIDED

Heart Failure

• Inability of the heart to pump effectively

• LEFT SIDED MOST COMMON

EARLY Hypoxia

• Fast

• Elevated

• Pale

• Perform Suctioning!!

LATE Hypoxia

• Slow

• Stupor

• Dysrhythmic

• Cyanotic

Hypercarbia

• Elevated CO2 levels

Nasal Canula

• Low-FLow

• FiO2 of 24% to 44%

• flow rate of 1 to 6 L/min

Simple Face Mask

• Low-Flow

• FiO2 of 35% to 60%

• flow rates of 5 to 10 L/min

Partial Rebreather Mask

• Low-Flow

• FiO2 of 60% to 90%

• flow rates of 10 to 15 L/min

Non-Rebreather Mask

• Low-Flow

• FiO2 of 80% to 95%

• flow rates of 10 to 15 L/min

Venturi Mask

• High-Flow

• FiO2 of 24% to 60%

• flow rates of 5 to 10 L/min

Aerosol Mask

• High-Flow

• FiO2 of 24% to 100%

• flow rates of at least 10 L/min

Tracheal stenosis

• Narrowing of the tracheal lumen due to scar formation resulting from irritation of the tracheal mucosa from the tracheal tube cuff

Tracheal wall necrosis

• Tissue damage that results when the pressure of the inflated cuff impairs blood flow to the tracheal wall

Alarm Stage (GAS; Stress Syndrome)

• Fight or Flight

Resistance Stage (GAS; Stress Syndrome)

• Stabilization response to stressor

• Coping towards homeostasis

Exhaustion Stage (GAS; Stress Syndrome)

• Recovery or Death

• Patient can no longer adapt to stressor

Current Trends (Stress and Coping)

• Fastest-growing population: Those older than 65 years, leading to caregiver issues

• Declining economic status of families (increased unemployment)

• Family violence and its endless cycle

• Any acute or chronic illness that disrupts the family unit (can include end-of-life care issues)

• Homelessness: Lack of stable environment, financial issues, inadequate access to health care

Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)

• Reflex pain

• Inflammatory response

Chronic Stress

• Occurs in stable conditions

• Results from stressful roles

Acute Stress

• Time-limited events that threaten a person for a relatively brief period

Crisis Stress

• Developmental

• Situational

• Adventitious

Neuman Systems Model

• Uses systems approach

• Based on the concepts of stress and reaction to stress

Roy’s Adaptation Model

• A person has the ability to modify external stimuli to allow adaptation to occur

Pender’s Health Promotion Model

• Focus on promoting health and managing stress

Compassion Fatigue

• Loss of satisfaction from providing good patient care

• Emotional exhaustion

Second Victim Syndrome

• When a medical error occurs that inflicts significant harm on a patient and the patient’s family

• Nurse feels guilty

Secondary Traumatic Stress

• A feeling of despair caused by the transfer of emotion distress from a victim to a caregiver

• Often develops suddenly

Chronic Hypoxia

• headaches

• chest pain

• enlarged heart

• clubbing of the fingers and toes

• anorexia

• constipation

• decreased urinary output