APUSH Period 4

Thomas Jefferson

Leader of the Democratic-Republican party and the third president of the United States, known for the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition in 1803 that doubled the size of the United States by purchasing land from France.

Era of Good Feelings

Period after the War of 1812 characterized by nationalism and a lack of partisan conflict.

James Monroe

Fifth president of the United States associated with the Era of Good Feelings and the Monroe Doctrine.

Economic nationalism

Political movement aimed at supporting economic growth, including the creation of a national bank.

Sectionalism

Growing division between North and South over issues like slavery and tariffs.

Protective tariff

A tax on imported goods intended to protect American industries.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court known for establishing judicial review.

Judicial review

The power of the Supreme Court to determine if acts of Congress or the President are unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Supreme Court case that reinforced federal authority by ruling that states could not tax federal institutions.

Implied powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but necessary for the federal government to function.

Second Great Awakening

A period of religious revival in the early 19th century that led to increased participation in faith.

Charles Grandison Finney

Presbyterian minister known for his revival meetings and emphasis on salvation.

Millennialism

Religious belief that the world will end with the second coming of Jesus.

Temperance

Social movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption due to its perceived negative effects.

American Temperance Society

Organization founded in 1826 to promote the temperance movement.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in 1848 that produced the 'Declaration of Sentiments'.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader in the women's rights movement who campaigned for women's suffrage.

American Antislavery Society

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833 to advocate for the immediate abolition of slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist who published The Liberator and was a notable figure in the anti-slavery movement.

Frederick Douglass

Formerly enslaved African American who became a prominent abolitionist and journalist.

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home, prevalent among the middle class.

Denmark Vesey

A free African American who organized an unsuccessful slave revolt in South Carolina in 1822.

King Cotton

Term that denotes the dominance of cotton as the primary cash crop in the South.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton processing and increased the demand for enslaved labor.

Panic of 1819

First major financial crisis in the United States caused by the contraction of credit.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, balancing the Senate.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 battle where William Henry Harrison defeated Native Americans, increasing tensions on the frontier.

Treaty of Ghent

The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 declaration stating that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization.

Lancaster Turnpike

Road built in Pennsylvania in the 1790s that improved transportation and commerce.

Telegraph

Invention by Samuel Morse in 1844 that enabled instant communication over long distances.

Lowell System

Factory labor system in Massachusetts that employed young women and provided them with housing.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 Supreme Court case that upheld the legality of labor unions and strikes.

Urban growth

Increased movement of people to cities due to industrialization, leading to challenges like overcrowding.

Utopian Societies

Communities aiming to create ideal living conditions, such as the Shakers and Oneida Community.

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of Native Americans from the Southeast to Oklahoma in the 1830s, resulting in thousands of deaths.

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 Supreme Court case ruling that Georgia laws had no force in Cherokee territory.

Thomas Jefferson

Leader of the Democratic-Republican party and the third president of the United States, known for the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of a large territory from France in 1803 that doubled the size of the United States.

Aaron Burr

Democratic-Republican and vice president during Jefferson's first term, involved in a conspiracy and killed Hamilton in a duel.

Era of Good Feelings

Period after the War of 1812 characterized by nationalism and lack of partisan conflict.

James Monroe

Fifth president associated with the Era of Good Feelings and the Monroe Doctrine.

Economic Nationalism

Political movement supporting the growth of the nation's economy through internal improvements and protective policies.

Sectionalism

The growing divide between the North and South over issues like slavery and tariffs.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods intended to protect American industries.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court known for establishing judicial review.

Judicial Review

The principle allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Supreme Court case upholding the supremacy of federal laws over state laws.

Implied Powers

Powers of the federal government not explicitly stated in the Constitution.

Strict Interpretation

Philosophy of interpreting the Constitution literally.

Second Great Awakening

A period of religious revival in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Charles Grandison Finney

A leading preacher in the Second Great Awakening known for his revivalist sermons.

Millennialism

Religious belief in the imminent second coming of Jesus.

Temperance Movement

Reform movement aimed at reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption.

American Temperance Society

Organization founded in 1826 to promote the temperance movement.

Asylum Movement

Reform movement to improve conditions for individuals with mental illnesses.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in 1848 producing the Declaration of Sentiments.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader in the women's rights movement who campaigned for women's suffrage.

American Antislavery Society

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833 to advocate for the abolition of slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

A radical abolitionist and publisher of The Liberator.

Frederick Douglass

Formerly enslaved African American who became a prominent abolitionist.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideology that defined women's roles in the home as moral leaders.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader in the women's rights movement, co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.

Denmark Vesey

Free African American who attempted to organize a slave revolt in 1822.

Planters

Wealthy Southern landowners who owned plantations and enslaved people.

Code of Chivalry

Paternalistic code of conduct among Southern aristocrats.

Poor Whites

Social class in the South consisting of landless individuals.

King Cotton

Term denoting cotton's dominance in the Southern economy.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and proponent of interchangeable parts.

Cotton Gin

Machine invented by Whitney to automate cotton processing.

Henry Clay

Leader of the Whig party and proponent of the American System.

American System

Plan to develop the economy through protective tariffs and internal improvements.

Second Bank of the United States

National bank chartered in 1816; major point of contention in the 1830s.

Panic of 1819

Financial crisis resulting from over-speculation and contraction of credit.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposal to restrict slavery in Missouri, which heightened tensions.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Naval incident in 1807 leading to increased anti-British sentiment.

Nonintercourse Act

Law allowing trade with nations except Britain and France after the Embargo Act.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who sought to unite Native American tribes against American expansion.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 battle between US forces and Native Americans led by Tecumseh's brother.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that officially ended the War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 declaration stating that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization.

Old Northwest

Region north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania, known for free labor.

Lancaster Turnpike

Road built in Pennsylvania connecting Philadelphia to surrounding farmlands.

Erie Canal

Canal completed in 1825 linking western farms to eastern cities.

Samuel Morse

Inventor of the telegraph in 1844.

Lowell System

Factory labor system in Lowell, Massachusetts, employing young women.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 Supreme Court case that legalized labor unions.

Universal White Male Suffrage

Laws allowing all white men to vote regardless of property ownership.

Workingmen's Party

Political party aimed at uniting artisans and skilled laborers.

Jacksonian Era

Period marked by increased political participation for common people.

States' Rights

Political doctrine prioritizing state powers over federal authority.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over tariffs.

Utopian Societies

Communities attempting to create ideal societies.

Shakers

Religious utopian community emphasizing communal living and celibacy.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement focusing on individualism and nature.