APUSH Period 4

Political Landscape

Thomas Jefferson

He was the leader of the Democratic-Republican party and the third president of the United States.
His presidency saw the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the country.
Jefferson also attempted to maintain neutrality in foreign affairs, and was responsible for the Embargo Act of 1807.

Key Figures

Aaron Burr: He was a Democratic-Republican who served as vice president during Jefferson's first term.
He was involved in a conspiracy to unite New England states and also killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

Major Events

Louisiana Purchase: This was the acquisition of a large western territory from France in 1803, doubling the size of the United States.
The purchase included land that would become part of several states and included the important port of New Orleans.

Era of Good Feelings

This term describes the period after the War of 1812 during which there was a strong sense of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill.
It was characterized by a lack of partisan political conflict and was associated with the presidency of James Monroe.

James Monroe and Economic Nationalism

James Monroe: The fifth president of the United States, whose presidency was associated with the Era of Good Feelings. He adopted the Monroe Doctrine.
Economic nationalism: A political movement to support the growth of the nation's economy, that included subsidizing internal improvements, protecting U.S. industries, and creating a national bank.

Sectionalism and Tariffs

Sectionalism: This term refers to the growing divide between the North and the South, especially over issues like slavery, tariffs, and economic policies.
Protective tariff: A tax on imported goods designed to protect American industries from foreign competition. These tariffs were often favored in the North but opposed in the South.

Judicial Developments

John Marshall and Judicial Review

John Marshall: He was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who presided over several landmark cases that defined the relationship between the central government and the states.
His rulings established the principle of judicial review.

Landmark Cases

Judicial review: This is the principle established in Marbury v. Madison that allows the Supreme Court to review acts of Congress or the President and determine if they are unconstitutional.
This gave the Supreme Court the power to overrule the other two branches of government.
Marbury v. Madison: This 1803 Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review.
The case involved the appointment of Federalist judges by John Adams before leaving office.

Federal Authority

McCulloch v. Maryland: This 1819 Supreme Court case determined that a state could not tax a federal institution and that federal laws are supreme over state laws.
It upheld the constitutionality of the national bank and established the doctrine of implied powers.

Constitutional Interpretation

Implied powers: This doctrine, affirmed in McCulloch v. Maryland, states that the Constitution gives the federal government the power to create a national bank, even though that specific power is not explicitly stated in the Constitution.
Strict interpretation: This is a philosophy of interpreting the Constitution literally, rejecting any powers not explicitly stated in the document.
Thomas Jefferson initially supported this idea but set it aside to purchase the Louisiana Territory.

Social Movements

Religious Revivals

Second Great Awakening: This was a period of religious revival that swept through the United States in the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.
It led to new denominations, reforms, and an increase in religious fervor.
The revivals attracted people to more participatory and less formal religious services.

Key Figures in Revivals

Charles Grandison Finney: A Presbyterian minister who started revivals in upstate New York.
His sermons focused on salvation through faith and hard work, and prompted people to publicly declare their revised faith.

New Religious Movements

Millennialism: The religious belief, popular at the time, that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus.
This belief led some to set dates for the second coming, as William Miller did in 1844.

Reform Movements

Temperance and Asylum Movements

Temperance: This was a reform movement that sought to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, which many reformers believed led to crime, poverty, and abuse.
The movement used moral exhortation and later, political action.

Organizations and Advocacy

American Temperance Society: This was an organization founded in 1826 to promote the temperance movement.
Asylum movement: This reform movement of the 1820s and 1830s aimed to improve the conditions of those with mental illnesses, emotional disturbances, or who were paupers.

Key Reformers

Dorothea Dix: A reformer who publicized the poor treatment of the mentally ill and advocated for the creation of mental hospitals.

Women's Rights and Abolition

Women's Rights Movement

Seneca Falls Convention: This 1848 convention was the first women's rights convention in American history.
It produced a "Declaration of Sentiments" that stated that "all men and women are created equal."

Key Figures in Women's Rights

Susan B. Anthony: A leader in the women's rights movement, who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, campaigned for women's rights, including the right to vote.

Abolition Movement

American Antislavery Society: Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, this society advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery.
Abolition: The movement to end slavery. Abolitionists used moral persuasion, political action, and sometimes violence to fight against slavery.

Prominent Abolitionists

William Lloyd Garrison: He was an abolitionist who published the radical abolitionist newspaper The Liberator.
He founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Notable Events and Figures

Frederick Douglass: He was a formerly enslaved African American who became a prominent abolitionist.
He published the abolitionist newspaper The North Star.

Women's Rights Movement

Overview of Women's Rights

A reform movement that sought to advance the rights of women, including equal rights in education, property ownership, and the right to vote.

Cult of Domesticity

This was the idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home.
This concept was especially prevalent in the growing middle class.

Key Figures

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: She was a leader in the women's rights movement, who, along with Susan B. Anthony, campaigned for women's rights, including the right to vote.

African American Experience

Free African Americans

African Americans who were not enslaved.
Their numbers grew during the early 19th century.
They faced discrimination and racial prejudice, especially in the South.

Denmark Vesey

A free African American who organized a slave revolt in South Carolina in 1822.
His revolt was unsuccessful and was betrayed by informants.

Southern Society and Economy

Planters and Social Structure

Wealthy Southern landowners who owned large plantations and numerous enslaved people.
They dominated the social and political life of the South.

Code of Chivalry

The Southern aristocratic planter class developed a code of conduct based on a strong sense of honor and paternalism.
This code influenced how they treated enslaved people.

Poor Whites and Mountain People

Poor whites: A social class in the South that consisted of people who did not own land or enslaved people. They were often subsistence farmers.
Mountain people: People who lived in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains. They were generally independent and disliked the planters and slavery. They remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War.

Economic Developments

King Cotton and Eli Whitney

This term refers to the dominance of cotton as the primary cash crop in the South, shaping its economy and social structure.
Eli Whitney: He invented the cotton gin in 1793, which made cotton production more profitable, and increased demand for enslaved labor. He also developed the idea of interchangeable parts.

The Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that automated the process of separating cotton fiber from its seeds.
Prior to the cotton gin, this process was done by hand, which was very time-consuming and labor-intensive.
The invention of the cotton gin transformed the South's economy. Cotton became the dominant cash crop, leading to an even greater focus on agriculture in the southern states.
The cotton gin was largely responsible for a fourfold increase in the number of enslaved people, from 1 million in 1800 to nearly 4 million in 1860.

Key Events and Legislation

Henry Clay and the American System

Henry Clay: A leader in the House of Representatives and a proponent of the American System. He also helped to negotiate the Missouri Compromise. He was a leader of the Whig party.
American System: A plan to develop the nation's economy through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements (roads and canals).

Financial Crises and Political Tensions

Second Bank of the United States: This was a national bank chartered in 1816 to regulate the nation's finances. It was opposed by Jackson and was a major point of political contention in the 1830s.
Panic of 1819: This was a financial crisis caused by the contraction of credit and over speculation in land, causing bank failures and economic hardship.

Missouri Compromise and Tallmadge Amendment

Tallmadge Amendment: This amendment, proposed during the Missouri statehood debate, sought to restrict slavery in Missouri by prohibiting further introduction of enslaved people and emancipating the children of enslaved people. It was ultimately defeated, but it heightened tensions over slavery.
Missouri Compromise: This 1820 agreement admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance in the Senate. It also prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30′ parallel.

War of 1812 and Aftermath

Causes and Key Figures

Chesapeake-Leopard affair: A naval incident in 1807 where a British warship attacked an American ship, impressing American sailors. This event increased anger and anti-British sentiment.
Embargo Act (1807): A law passed by Jefferson that prohibited American ships from sailing to foreign ports. The act aimed to hurt Britain and France, but it ended up harming the US economy more.

James Madison and the War

James Madison: The fourth president of the United States, who served during the War of 1812.

Post-War Developments

Nonintercourse Act (1809): A law passed to replace the Embargo Act, which allowed Americans to trade with all countries except Britain and France.
Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810): This law restored US trade with Britain and France, and stated that if either country agreed to respect US neutral rights at sea, the US would prohibit trade with the other nation.

Native American Relations

Tecumseh and Native American Resistance

Tecumseh: A Shawnee chief who attempted to unite Native American tribes against the encroachment of American settlers.
Prophet: Tecumseh's brother, a religious leader who also advocated for Native American resistance.

Battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison: A general who defeated Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe and later became president.
Battle of Tippecanoe: This 1811 battle between US forces led by William Henry Harrison and Native Americans led by Tecumseh's brother, the Prophet. It further increased tensions between Americans and Native Americans on the frontier.

Treaties and Doctrines

Treaty of Ghent and 1818

Treaty of Ghent (1814): The treaty that officially ended the War of 1812. The treaty did not address the issues that caused the war, but it did lead to a more peaceful relationship between the US and Great Britain.
Treaty of 1818: An agreement between the US and Britain that provided for joint occupation of the Oregon Territory, fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, and set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel.

Andrew Jackson and the Monroe Doctrine

Andrew Jackson: A general in the War of 1812 who became a national hero after the Battle of New Orleans. He later became the seventh president of the United States. His presidency was (and continues to be) controversial. He was very popular with less wealthy citizens and was elected during a time when voting restrictions were lifted to enable white men who did not own property to vote. However, his administration also enacted the Indian Removal Act, leading to the Trail of Tears, during which thousands of Cherokee people died. He also vetoed the bill to recharter the Second National Bank and issued the Specie Circular, both of which contributed to the Panic of 1837.
Monroe Doctrine (1823): A declaration by President Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization. The doctrine aimed to establish US dominance in the region.

Key Doctrines and Economic Changes

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine (1823): A declaration by President Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization.
The doctrine aimed to establish US dominance in the region.

Economic Regions and Developments

Old Northwest: This term refers to the region north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania that was originally the Northwest Territory.
It consisted of several states such as Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
The Old Northwest did not rely on slave labor and instead developed a more diversified economy based on agriculture and manufacturing.
This economic difference contributed to growing tensions between the regions.

Transportation Innovations

Lancaster Turnpike: A road built in Pennsylvania in the 1790s that connected Philadelphia with rich farmlands around Lancaster, stimulating the building of other similar roads.
National (Cumberland) Road: A paved highway and major route to the West, extending from Maryland to Illinois.
Serves as an example of the importance of internal improvements and their impact on the economic and social conditions of the U.S. during this period.
Erie Canal: A canal completed in 1825 that linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities.
It contributed to the growth of New York City.
Robert Fulton (steamboats): He developed the first commercially successful steamboat in 1807, which revolutionized river travel.
Railroads: A new mode of transportation in the 1820s that provided more rapid and reliable transportation of goods and people.

Technological Advancements and Economic Shifts

Key Inventions

Telegraph: A device invented by Samuel Morse in 1844 that enabled almost instant communication across long distances.
Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin and developed the idea of interchangeable parts, making possible mass production.
Interchangeable parts: This concept made it possible to produce standardized parts that could be easily replaced or assembled, revolutionizing manufacturing and industry.

Industrialization and Labor

Samuel Slater: He was a British immigrant who brought knowledge of British textile factory technology to the US in the 1790s, and helped establish the first textile factory.
Lowell System: A system of factory labor in Lowell, Massachusetts, that employed young women from rural areas.
Cotton gin: A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that made the processing of cotton more efficient. It led to an increased demand for enslaved labor.

Political Changes and Social Movements

Expanding Democracy

Market revolution: The transition from a subsistence economy to a market-based economy in which people became more dependent on buying and selling goods.
Urban life: As a result of industrialization and the market revolution, more Americans moved to cities to find work.
Urban growth caused over-crowding, poor sanitation, and other challenges.

Labor Rights and Political Parties

Commonwealth v. Hunt: An 1842 Supreme Court case that established that labor unions and strikes were both legal.
Universal white male suffrage: Many states adopted laws during the 1810s and 1820s that allowed all White men to vote, regardless of property ownership, religious affiliation, or class.
Party nominating convention: Parties began to replace closed door caucuses with nominating conventions where a larger number of party members were allowed to nominate candidates.

Jacksonian Era and Its Conflicts

Key Figures and Events

Workingmen's Party: A political party that aimed to unite artisans and skilled laborers.
Popular campaigning: During the 1820s, candidates began to campaign more directly to voters using parades, rallies, and other events.

States' Rights and Nullification

Age of the president: Jackson’s presidency was the beginning of the 'Age of the Common Man' in which the common people had more influence in politics.
States' rights: A political doctrine that emphasizes the rights and powers of individual states over the federal government.
Nullification crisis: A political conflict between South Carolina and the federal government in 1832, over the issue of tariffs.

Social Reform Movements and Cultural Developments

Utopian Societies

Utopias: Communities that attempted to create an ideal society or communal living situation.
Shakers: A religious utopian community that emphasized communal living, simplicity, and celibacy.
Oneida Community: A utopian community in New York that emphasized communal property, equal rights for women, and complex marriage.

Transcendentalism and Romanticism

Transcendentalists: A group of American writers and thinkers who emphasized individualism, intuition, and the importance of nature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson: A leading transcendentalist writer who emphasized the importance of self-reliance and individualism.
Henry David Thoreau: A transcendentalist writer who emphasized the importance of living simply and in harmony with nature.

Legal and Territorial Conflicts

Native American Relations

Trail of Tears: The forced removal of Cherokee and other Native Americans from the Southeast to Oklahoma in the 1830s. This led to the deaths of thousands of Native Americans.
Indian Removal Act (1830): A law passed by Congress that authorized the removal of Native Americans from the Southeast.

Supreme Court Cases

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: An 1831 Supreme Court case in which the Cherokee Nation was declared not to be a foreign nation and therefore not able to sue in a federal court.
Worcester v. Georgia: An 1832 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory. However, Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the court's ruling.