Chemistry U13 - Nuclear review

Greater than

the COMBINED MASS of an atoms particles is ALWAYS _______ _______ the mass of the atom

Nucleons

Protons OR neutrons

Nuclides

The nucleus ITSELF (as an isotope) which variates

EX: P

1.1

Low atomic numbers stability number (< than 20)

1.5

Large atomic numbers stability number (20+)

Decay series

Decay rxn getting from UNSTABLE to STABLE

**ALWAYS MOVES FROM UNSTABLE TO STABLE

Half-life

The TIME it takes for ½ the sample to DECAY

Alpha Decay

⁴₂H;

EX: ²²⁵₈₉Ac → -⁴₂H + ²²¹₈₇ Fr

_________ Decay is a PRODUCT

SUBTRACT 4 from Mass #

SUBTRACT 2 from Atomic #

Beta Decay

⁰_-1 e;

EX: ²⁰¹₇₉Au → ⁰_-1 e + ²⁰¹₈₀HG

_____ Decay is a PRODUCT equation

ADD 1 to the atomic # (bottom)

Positron decay

⁰₊₁ e; EX:

EX: ³⁰₁₅P → ⁰₊₁ e + ³⁰₁₄ Si + 2y (gamma)

_________ Decat is a PRODUCT but also released 2 GAMMA RAYS

SUBTRACT 1 to atomic # (bottom)

Electron capture

⁰_-1e;

EX: ¹²⁵₅₃ I + ⁰_-1e → ¹²⁵₅₂ Te + Y

__________ Capture is a REACTANT but RELEASES a SINGLE GAMMA RAY

SUBTRACT 1 to atomic # (bottom)

Chain reaction

RXN which sustains itself, when nuclides come in contact they continue a reaction like dominoes

Critical Mass

the SMALLEST AMT of material needed to sustain the CHAIN RXN

(similar to Limiting reactants, if you run out you can’t continue the rxn)

Fuel rods

(PRIM. LOOP) Contains FEUL for nuclear power plant

**connects into Pressure Vessel

Control rods

(PRIM. LOOP) Used to control RATE OF NUCLEAR REACTION in a power plant

**Located IN Pressure Vessel

Turbine

(SEC. LOOP) Contains BLADES which spin when HIT BY STEAM

**Connects to GENERATOR,

Generator

(SEC. LOOP) COILED WIRE which spins in magnetic feild to CREATE ELECTRICITY

**Connects to the Turbine

Pressure vessel

(PRIM. LOOP) HEAVILY SHEILDED container for the Fuel and Control rods and coolant.

**Located within the Containment building and HOLDS the PRIMARY LOOP

Containment building

(PRIM. LOOP) Acts as a PROTECTIVE Barrier to radiation

**Holds together the PRIMARY LOOP

Cooling tower

(CONDENS. LOOP) EXTRACTS Heat gained in condenser loop

**Connected to the CONDESER LOOP

Nuclear Fission

Makes 2 SMALLER nuclei; “To Split”

Used in Chain rxns, power plants

CREATES RADIOACTIVE WASTE

Nuclear Fusion

Makes 1 LARGE NUCLEI; “TO COMBINE”

Matter is CONVERTED into energy, Powers Starts + Sun

NO RADIOACTIVE WASTE

More energy

Nuclear FUSION has _______ energy

Less energy

Nuclear FISSION has ________ Energy