Topic 4 + 9 - Waves

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12 Terms

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Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
An object undergoes SHM when its acceleration is proportional and opposite to the displacement from equilibrium: a ∝ -x²
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Longitudinal wave
A wave in which the energy transfer is parallel to the oscillations defining the wave.
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Transverse wave
A wave in which the energy transfer is perpendicular to the oscillations defining the wave.
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The principle of superposition
When two waves overlap, the net displacement at any point is the sum of the individual displacements of each wave.
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Standing waves
Two identical waves traveling in opposite directions can superpose and create a resultant wave with some points that are not moving (nodes) and some points with maximum amplitude (antinodes). There is no overall energy transfer in a standing wave (the energy is trapped between the nodes).
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Polarized light
Light is polarized when the electric field of an electromagnetic wave oscillates in one direction (\= linearly polarized).
Note: Polarization is a property of transverse waves only. E.g. sound waves cannot be polarized.
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Unpolarized light
Light is unpolarized when it contains light polarized in many different directions.
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Doppler Effect
When there is a change in the observed frequency of a wave as a result of relative motion between the source and an observer
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Rayleigh Criterion
Two images are just resolved when the first minimum of the first diffraction pattern coincides with the maximum of the second pattern.
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Drawing a Single
Slit Diffraction Pattern
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Distinguish between polarised and unpolarised light
* in unpolarized light the electric field vector may vibrate in any plane (normal to the direction of propagation);


* in polarised light the vector/electric field vibrates in one plane only;
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Why doppler effect occurs
* Speed of sound relative to observer is different


* Wavelength unchanged to frequency changes